The Empowering Women Through Sports - 2314 Words

Empowering women through sports â€Å"You throw like a girl† this observable phenomenon is intended as an insult. But what does it mean to be â€Å"like a girl†? When did being a girl receive a negative connotation? Because people live in a sexist society, all girls are considered almost physically handicapped. Oftentimes guys believe that they are better at athletics based on the fact that they are males. Reasoning that someone is better at something based on gender, is sexist. Sports empower women giving them confidence and strength in the face of discrimination, sexism and objectification in society. This Paper will explain how girls around the world are beating sexism by beating superstition. Showing how women are empowering themselves through sports. By doing sports women gain freedom, power, strength, respect and dignity. Women athletics are defeating discrimination and closing the gap between men and women around the world. Title IX In the spring of 1972, the president signed Title IX of the educational amendments. The purpose was to avoid use of federal money that supports sex discrimination. Title IX requires all schools provide men and women equal athletic and educational rights and opportunities. Congress allowed colleges 6 years to achieve compliance. Prior to the signing of Title IX, girls didn’t compete in organized sports. Oftentimes outside of school girls played rule-less, non-competitive, informal sports for physical activity. After the signing in 1972, collegesShow MoreRelated Women in Sports and Sports Broadcasting Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in Sports and Sports Broadcasting Before I conducted this media analysis about women in sports and sport broadcasting, I hypothesized the obvious - that more male sports would be in the media, and that there would be more male sports broadcasters as well. Through my observations I did find that the sports arena and sports broadcasting sphere are male dominated. However, I also found that although there are not many stories about women, there has been a steady progression and magazinesRead MoreShould Sports Initiatives Be A Great Way? Empower Females?1739 Words   |  7 Pageswhether ‘sports initiatives are a great way to empower females’. Gender is ‘the assignment of masculine and feminine characteristics to bodies in cultural contexts. It is a socially constructed category that involves roles, expectations, and responsibilities that are not biologically determined’ (Grewal Kaplan, 2006). This definition shows us that it is not just physical things that define what gender is but also wha t roles there are. It is important as one of the big issues in sport in genderRead MoreEssay on Still No Equality for Women in Sports1006 Words   |  5 PagesStill No Equality for Women in Sports Throughout the history of women in sports, women had to ?merge? then ?submerge? with male dominated sports organizations and structures in order to participate. The Olympic Games is a key example of women have to merge and submerge with a male dominated organization. The first modern Olympics, held in 1896, did not allow women participants. And when women were allowed to participate, in 1900, it was in only three sports and out of the 1,225 athletes, onlyRead MoreGender Equality Through Sports And Gender968 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, women have been viewed as inferior species to men. In the United States, women were not allowed to do certain things like join the military or vote. The United States has made great strides in providing equal opportunity to all genders. In spite of the many laws and acts congress has passed, women are still viewed as lesser subjects. Judith Lorber, Shari Dworkin, Bianca Grohmann, as well as Christopher Greenwell and other contributing authors, speak on the topic of gender equality through sportsRead MoreSports As An Element Of Culture1494 Words   |  6 Pages1.1 Introduction Sports have different meanings for different people and across societies (Laker 2001:4). The way one engages in sports is influenced by the cultural or ethnic group to which one belongs (Sever 2005:4). Even though the rules of sport may stay constant, meanings diverge and are varied (Besnier and Brownell 2012). Sports serves as one of the most contested and celebrated institutions in our society (Appleby and Foster 2013:1). As a result, it will be impossible to fully understand contemporaryRead More Women in Sport: â€Å"Sacrificing the womanly attributes we admire†1343 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Sport: â€Å"Sacrificing the womanly attributes we admire† Do I sacrifice my ‘womanly attributes’ by making the choice to ski down a mountain with a 3000+ vertical drop, while traveling at 50-60 mph? Does my choice to do squats and engage in strength training, or my desire to do 300 sit-ups each night in order to achieve a six-pack, make me less of a woman? Is it odd that I do not enjoy displaying polite, ladylike behavior during every second of my existence? I do not think so. SocietyRead MoreSports Has Different Meanings For Different People And Across Societies1500 Words   |  6 PagesSports have different meanings for different people and across societies (Laker 2001:4). The way one engages in sports is influenced by the cultural or ethnic group to which one belongs (Sever 2005:4). Even though the rules of sport may stay constant, meanings diverge and are varied (Besnier and Brownell 2012). Sports serves as one of the most contested and celebrated institutions in our society (Appleby and Foster 2013:1). As a result, it will be impossible to fully understand contemporary societyRead MoreEssay on Women and Sports: No Limits!2014 Words   |  9 Pagesthe world, women are confronted with inequality in many activities they take part in, one of them being sports. In the past, women have had fewer chances of being recognized. However, as the years have gone by, new opportunities have sprung up and women are now able to assume many of the roles alongside men. Moreover, there has always been a stereotype that women cannot be equal to men in sports. This is because of health issues or just simply because of their physical abilities. Women have strivedRead MoreThe Role Of Sports For Athletes And Women Athletes1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdominance over their sport competitors by, for instance, buying their best athletes from the dominated countries and sometimes offering those athletes citizenship. There are instances when international corporate entities sponsor and own clubs in other countries, make all ma nagement decisions, and secure profits which they return to their home countries thereby leaving host countries further impoverished (Nauright 2012:54).The above global pattern has not favored most womens’ national and local teamsRead MoreTaking a Look at Title IX1250 Words   |  5 Pageson gender. When the law was signed in, the numbers showed that it helped get women more involved in sports. However, with more women involved in sports, men are still the favored gender and women are discriminated against. Women are discriminated against in sports shown by fewer opportunities in high school and college level sports, unequal treatment of women college athletes, and unfair opportunities and treatment to women coaches. Title IX was signed in 1972 and states that â€Å"No person in the United

Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Essays - 1238 Words

Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Competitive Markets The basic characteristics of a competitive market are one of many suppliers provides basically the same goods or services. There are so many suppliers and so many consumers that one supplier alone cannot influence the market prices. Each supplier, or price taker, is at the mercy of the current market conditions at any given time. (N. Gregory Mankiw, 2010, p.290).This market structure makes it necessary for suppliers in a competitive market to somehow make the goods or services more desirable to consumers than its nearest competitor. One way of achieving this goal is to competitively price goods and services†¦show more content†¦At any given time, the barriers of entry most likely are not going to affect a competitive market. Because the basic structure of a competitive market is based on many suppliers and many consumers buying and selling a similar good or service, no one supplier or consumer entering or exiting the market will disrupt the competitive market. Since no on e buyer or seller greatly affects the market, it can be said that a competitive market is a series of checks and balances for the economy. In a free market economy there are checks and balances in supply and demand. Competition affords buyers the prospect of receiving the best value for their money. Thus the competitive market is born. Monopolies The most prominent characteristics of a monopoly’s market structure are that a monopoly is the sole provider of a good or service and does not have any close competitors in the current market. This allows the company to set a price for the good or service that is not based on the market conditions. Since the price of a good or service supplied by a monopoly is often based on the company’s own resources, the price is often set without consideration of marginal costs or marginal revenues. This by no means a company enjoying a monopoly can run away with the price. The good or service must be fairly priced to encourage sales. If a monopolyShow MoreRelatedMaximizing Profits in Market Structures1287 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment: Maximizing Profits in Market Structures 1 What are the characteristics of each market structure? A competitive market is many sellers that sell similar products with very little control over the market selling price. An example of competitive market structure is a gasoline station. There can be many gasoline stations in a certain mile radius, the more gasoline stations there are in a small area the higher the competitive the market. Monopolies: Monopolies are a groupRead MoreMaximizing Profits in Market Structures Paper1129 Words   |  5 PagesMaximizing Profits 1 MAXIMIZING PROFITS IN MARKET STRUCTURES PAPER Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Paper Sharon Ballard XECO/212 Michelle Council November 7, 2010 Maximizing Profits 2 Maximizing Profits in Market Structures Paper The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms that are competing in that market, along with factors such as: the ways in which these firms are alike or different, andRead MoreMarket Structure and Analysis 996 Words   |  4 PagesThere are a few different market structures, competitive market, monopolies, and oligopolies. According to Mankiw (2007) competitive market, also known as monopolistic competition or â€Å"perfectly competitive market† is defined as â€Å"a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker† (Pg. 290). In this market structure there are two characteristics: there are many buyers and many sellers in the market and the goods offered by the various sellersRead MoreMain Factors of Product Pricing in the Uk1416 Words   |  6 Pagescharge a profit-maximizing price where price is determined when marginal cost equals marginal revenue. They operate to seek a maximum return on the investment and costs they have input. The diagram below shows how firms produce at the profit maximisation point (MC=MR) and what costs they incur (point C). It also shows that most firms that follow a profit maximizing strategy incur a profit (price is greater than cost) . Figure 1 From Wikipedia.org Figure 1 From Wikipedia.org Although profit maximizationRead MoreTopic: Profit Maximization of a Firm.1326 Words   |  6 PagesProject Topic: Profit Maximization of a firm. Profit maximization has always been considered the primary goal of firms.The firms owner is the manager of the firm, and thus, the firms owner-manager is assumed to maximize the firms short-term profits (current profits and profits in the near future).Today, even when the profit maximizing assumption is maintained, the notion of profits has been broadened to take into account uncertainty faced by the firm (in realizing profits) and the time valueRead MoreStrategy Simulation Game: Economics for Managerial Decision Making1243 Words   |  5 Pagesa firm must make in order to achieve maximal profit and how the approach changes based on the four general classification of industries (Stegmann, 2009) and the decision that I made using the information from AMBA670 and previous course. Decision making processes of management is described in different market structures. Just as it pertains to any for-profit business organization, the goal is to cut and maximize profits in each type of marke t structure. Based on the information provided, QuasarRead MoreStudent1589 Words   |  7 PagesDermaPlusTM are hospitals and pharmacies. The topical cream category is extremely competitive and has led to BioMed’s market share to be small. Due to the size of BioMed’s market share they are unable to influence the market price. We also must assume that the market of BioMed can be modeled as being perfectly competitive in equilibrium, allowing the use of the model’s profit maximizing criteria. The plant producing DermaPlusTM has been in operation for three years with no change in manufacturingRead MoreAssignment 3.1 Techinal Questions Essay815 Words   |  4 Pagesthe firm’s profit-maximizing (or loss minimizing) output. Is each firm making a profit? If not, should the firm continue to produce in the short run? In the first graph, the firm is losing money, but it should not shut down because P gt; AVC. So the loss minimizing choice is to stay in business in the short run. To shut down would lead to higher losses equal to fixed costs and these losses would be more than the current losses. In the second graph, the firm is realizing a profit because P gt;Read MoreEvaluation of Baumols Model1733 Words   |  7 Pagesunits at a high price. There are different managerial models in a firm embodying different assumptions like the Profit Maximization Model which is a traditional model, the Marris Model, the Williamson Model and the Baumol Model. This write-up will focus on understanding management preferences in terms of price, revenue and profit maximization, critically evaluate the management model of Baumol and review the extent to which the Baumol modelRead MoreDifferentiating Between Market Structures Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesDifferentiating between Market Structures The structure of a market is defined by the number of firms in the market, the existence or otherwise of barriers to entry of new firms, and the interdependence among firms in determining pricing and output to maximize profits. The author of this paper will cover: the advantages and limitation of supply and demand identified in the simulation, the effectiveness of the organization in which the author knows, and how the organizations in each market structure maximizes

Decision Analysis free essay sample

Decision analysis is concerned with establishing systematic procedures for making decisions under uncertainty. Knowledge of decision analysis should help analyze a problem in a complicated and uncertain setting, to develop alternatives, and to identify possible outcomes. The decision maker then selects the alternative that best meets his or her objectives and psychological desires. Decision analysis is important because it provides decision makers with a rational way of making a selection. It does not guarantee an optimal decision since the problems are characterized by at least some uncertainty. However, it can indicate which alternative is most suited to the decision maker’s own philosophy, be it optimistic, pessimistic, or somewhere in between. 3 – Decision Analysis 2 1 Applications of decision analysis are widespread such as selection of investment portfolios oil and gas exploration (to drill or not to drill) contracting (to bid or not to bid) agriculture (which crops to plant) manufacturing (which products to produce, how much to produce, which technology to invest) marketing (new products, promotion strategies), so on. Yet, until recently, decision analytic research has all but ignored structuring, concentrating instead on questions of modeling and elicitation. As a result, structuring was, and to some extent still is, considered the ‘art’ part of decision analysis. This paper examines some attempts to turn this art into a science. Trees are the most common decision analytic structures. Decision trees, for example, represent the sequential aspects of a decision problem (see Raiffa 1968; Brown et al. 1974). Other examples are goal trees for the representations of values (Keeney and Raiffa 1976) and event trees for the representation f inferential problem aspects (Kelly and Barclay 1973). In fact, trees so much dominate decision analytic structures that structuring is often considered synonymous to building a tree.

Transdental Meditation Essay Example For Students

Transdental Meditation Essay The Meditation exercise that we performed in class was refreshing. It cleared my mind of all stress that day. As I lay on the mat, I had no idea I was that tensed. It was somewhat hard to imagine a flame below my navel. The music in the background was relaxing It was flicking with the flame in my mind. Several times throughout the exercise my mind wandered away, to future events that needed tending to after class. I tried to staya focused on the meditation The flame at one point seemed larger than a single flame, which prevented me from relaxing. I imagined the beautiful colors of orange, red, and yellow. At times my flame would turn blue and green. When the exercise was over I opened my eyes to a lighter head with less tension. All in all, I would say the meditation exercise help to get some of the stress off my mind. I found myself continuing the exercise throughout the holiday. We will write a custom essay on Transdental Meditation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Bibliography:

Patriot Act

Patriot Act Effects of the Patriot ActIn October of 2001, the Patriot Act was passed with little debate, and dramatically expanded the investigative powers of the federal government, at the expense of our Constitutional freedoms. The Patriot Act was passed as a form of retaliation against the September 11 attacks in New York, the Pentagon, and Flight 93 which crashed in Shanksville.What Started it AllAt 7:58 a.m. United Airlines Flight 175 departs from Boston for Los Angeles, carrying 56 passengers, two pilots, and seven flight attendants. The Boeing 767 is hijacked after takeoff and diverted to New York. At 7:59 a.m. American Flight 11 departs Boston for Los Angeles, carrying 81 passengers, two pilots, and nine flight attendants. This Boeing is also hijacked and redirected. At 8:01 a.m. United Airlines Flight 93, a Boeing carrying 38 passengers, two pilots, and five flight attendants leaves Newark, NJ for San Francisco.In February 2005, President George W. Bush urged t...It shouldn't expire for the security of our country."The Truth:Less that 10 percent of the Patriot Act expires; most of the law is permanent and those portions that do sunset will not do so until December 31, 2005.The President:"And that changed, the law changed on- roving wiretaps were available for chasing down drug lords. They weren't available for chasing down terrorists, see?"The Truth:Roving wiretaps were available prior to 9/11 against drug lords and terrorists. Prior to the law, the FBI could get a roving wiretap against both when it had probable cause of crime for a wiretap eligible offense. What the Patriot Act did is make roving wiretaps available in intelligence investigations supervised by the secret intelligence court without the judicial safeguards of the criminal wiretap statute.The President:"... see, I'm...

How I Make a Full-time Living as a Writer

How I Make a Full-time Living as a Writer I’ve always been a writer, winning a school poetry competition at the age of 7 and writing my first book between the ages of 12 and 13. Ideas come to me easily, and, until I found an outlet for them, it bothered me to have far more than I’d ever be able to use especially as many would-be writers seem to suffer from a lack of them. I worked in government/financial administration and the computer industry, but wrote novels and short stories in my spare time. While perusing Writers News magazine (UK) in October 2001, a small quote struck a chord with me. Philip Pullman was asked where he got his ideas from, and quipped that he bought them ready-made from ideas-r-us.com. He was obviously jesting, but I decided to start the actual site and ideas4writers (www.ideas4writers.co.uk) was born. The site went live in August 2002. Members could subscribe for 6 or 12 months at a time and access the complete collection of ideas, which they were free to use or adapt. I added new ideas and what ifs every month and included tips, advice, insider secrets, and so on. I also designed â€Å"writing engines† which generate characters and story outlines with a single click. It was very successful: in September 2003 I went part-time in my job, and in May 2004 I left it. I managed to write a book in 2005, The Fastest Way to Write Your Book, partly based on tips Id collected over the past three years. I self-published it, and used what I learned to help some ideas4writers members publish their own books. But I hit a wall after that, because coming up with new ideas for the site was taking all my time. lifetime membership. New members could join for a one-off fee double the price of the previous annual subscription. I turned the 5,000 ideas into 35 ebooks and made them available for non-members to buy. (New members can still join and download the whole lot.) And I repackaged the what ifs into an ebook: The Fastest Way to Get Ideas 4,400 Essential What Ifs for Writers. The ideas4writers website also lists newsworthy historic anniversaries, several months in advance. Members asked if I could expand this to cover a whole year at a time – and so The Date-A-Base Book was born. This series now generates the majority of my income. Each edition takes nearly five months to compile, but that leaves the rest of the year free for other projects. Its been quite a journey to get where I am today, and not without worries. There was a year with almost no income when a project went wrong. I spent nine months mentoring a new writer and editing her trilogy which would have been huge. But she got nervous, decided she wouldnt be able to cope with the fame, and pulled out. I nearly had to go back to my old job and even had a chat with my former boss. I managed to recoup the lost income Things are pretty settled now, and I’ve become active in the community where I live, chairing committees and so on. I’ve since discovered a much easier way to make a good living as a writer. Learn all about in Ditch Your Day Job! – a free ebook (PDF) available on my blog (http://ideas4writers.wordpress.com).

Survey on human motivation using a Likert scale Research Paper

Survey on human motivation using a Likert scale - Research Paper Example Many researchers are driven to conceptualize a procedure to take account of and record data related to human motivation in order to develop a theory on why a human is motivated to conduct in a specific activity. McClelland and colleagues (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1953) designed a preliminary experiment to measure motivation in human participants, which was guided by the early works of Henry Murray, who was active in the development of a theory in motivation during the 1930s through the 1960s. Murray (1938) divided human needs into a primary and secondary group. Primary needs were explained as deriving from a biological origin, such as the need for food, water, air, and sex, and the reluctance to experience pain. Murray believed that secondary needs derive from either a biological base or the psychological realm. Examples of secondary needs are achievement, recognition, acquisition, dominance, affiliation, autonomy, and aggression. Murray was led to believe that intense needs are presented with greater frequency over time. This leads to a greater frequency in the intensity of the behavior. Through his work, Murray learned that secondary needs are the driving force behind the personality of an individual. The degree to which primary and secondary needs impact the individual depends on the combination of personality and behavior. During his tenure at the Harvard Psychological Clinic in the 1930s, Murray, with the help of peer Christiana & Morgan, created the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The TAT is a projective test that is used to assess and encourage personal accounts or descriptions about familial or social interactions. The TAT can help recognize prevailing emotions, responses and disagreements through the 31 provided pictures (Murray, 1938). Each picture can elicit a range of responses from the individual, as the examiner asks for a story about the events taking place in the picture. McClelland (1953)

Abrahams Promise by Michael Wyschogrod Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Abrahams Promise by Michael Wyschogrod - Essay Example This book is also an attempt by the author to bring Jews and Christians together and this he has done by raising logical questions that reflect upon their profound sameness rather than their deep differences. Kendall has not argued about the similarities or differences that Christians eagerly claim their Jewish faith roots, but he has endeavored a reason to consider that what escorts Jews to understand Christian theological concepts and why there is a need for the Christians to learn about treating minorities with dignity. This book reveals how the gap that has built over centuries should be bridged in order to gain an in depth understanding of both communities. Declaring the reason behind Gods love, Kendall points out what God expect from humans is the divine acknowledgement of their relation of their bodies with their souls, and since God believes in a free love, he has never limited humans. As a matter of fact, God himself is never limited to any particular genealogy. He had always possessed the right not to select Abrahams descendants as chosen ones or to replace his chosen ones with any other people not chosen. Kendall portrays Abraham, Issac and Jacobs God and presents before the readers a notion that God selected Israel as he loved Abraham descendants and chose them from among all groups. According to Kendall â€Å"God wanted a people who could not leave him† (Kendall, 2004: 50). For this reason Kendall points out that God favored and loved Israel in the same manner as a man loves a woman or his wife. What Kendall wants the reader to contemplate upon is the question he addresses that what caused God to choose a biological family rather than a community of faith (ibid). Wyschogrods perspective of the Jewish community is an answer to the above question, that suggests that God chose community of family is that of Abrahams descendants that elucidates Gods school of thought to

Nursing Research Problem Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research Problem Essay Infections are a common cause of both morbidity and mortality in premature infants; examples of infections include necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis (infection of the bloodstream). Infections in premature infants result in prolonged ventilation, prolonged hospitalization, and higher medical costs, and can cause neurodevelopment impairment (Manzoni et al., 2009). The use of high-potency antibiotics can lead to resistant strains of bacteria and potentially damage the infant’s liver and/or kidney function. Within the past decade, research has turned from finding treatments to finding methods to reduce infections. Breastfeeding and human milk has been well supported through research to provide immunity and positive outcomes for preterm and full-term infants. Breastfeeding and human milk provides nutritional, gastrointestinal, immunological, developmental, and psychological benefits to preterm infants and plays an important role on their long-term health and development (Callen Pinelli, 2005). The components of breastmilk that support immunity include lactoferrin, lysozymes, interferon, and sIgA antibody (Callen Pinelli, 2005). Specifically, lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found not only in breastmilk, but also in saliva, tears, and other bodily secretions; LF has biological functions which include immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, and inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses (Yen et al., 2009). The described functions of LF support the protective role in immunity. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effects of oral lactoferrin supplementation on reducing infections in preterm infants. Nature of Problem and Importance to Nursing Practice A nosocomial infection is described as an infection that is acquired after 48 hours of hospital admission (Rodriguez et al., 2010). In neonates,  a late-onset infection is defined as an infection obtained after the perinatal period (Manzoni et al., 2009). Nosocomial infections include infections of the gastrointestinal tract (necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC), blood stream (sepsis), and lung (pneumonia). The effects of an infection in a preterm infant can lead to â€Å"poor growth, adverse long-term neurological sequelae, increased length of hospital stay, and a substantial cost to families, hospitals, and society† (Rodriguez et al., 2010, p. 207). The risk of nosocomial infections increases with the decreasing birth weight and gestational age, and roughly 21% of very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants will encounter a late-onset infection (Stoll et al., 2002). The most common gastrointestinal infection in premature infants is NEC, affecting 2.6% to 28% of VLBW infants (Lin et al., 2005). NEC is widely considered as a multifactorial disease, with no specific pathogenesis; three major factors have been proposed: the presence of a pathogenic organism, the challenge of enteral feeding, and altered enteric mucosa integrity (Lin et al., 2005). NEC is â€Å"characterized by necrotizing injury to the intestine that requires antibiotic treatment and, in severe cases, surgical intervention† (Brooks et al., 2006, p. 347). Reduction of infections in preterm infants is of high priority and active research is being performed to find safe preventative measures, improve patient outcomes, and decrease hospital length of stay. Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein found in mammalian milk and is important in innate immune host defenses (Manzoni et al., 2009). Partial digestion of LF in the stomach produces peptides called â€Å"lactoferricin† that contain more potent antimicrobial activity (Yen et al., 2009). Human colostrum contains more LF than breastmilk, saliva, tears, or other mucosa linings in the body. Studies have been performed to determine bovine or porcine LF effect on prevention of infection in mice and rat pups; conclusions showed a reduction in â€Å"the frequency of bacterial infections in the GI tract while promoting the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species, which are generally believed to be beneficial to the host† (Yen et al., 2009, p. 591). Bovine, porcine, and human LF molecules are similar, and bovine and porcine LF has been reported to show higher antimicrobial activity compared to human LF (King et al., 2007). In 2001, the US Food and Drug Administration declared bovine lactoferrin generally recognized as safe  (CFSAN, 2001). Bovine or human LF can be given as a formula additive, breastmilk additive, or given to patients by swabbing of the mouth, either actively feeding or with nil per os (NPO) statuses. Research studies have now been performed on the effects of bovine or porcine LF on prevention of infections in VLBW and preterm infants, and LF shows to be a promising agent of prevention. Evidence-based Practice Question Evidence-based practice (EBP) is defined as â€Å"a practice that involves clinical decision-making based on the best available evidence, with an emphasis on evidence from disciplined research† (Polit Beck, 2008, p. 753). Nursing practices are changing in the NICU to include swabbing of the infants mouth with colostrum every six hours to assist in prevention of infection and improve feeding tolerance. The following question is developed to determine the outcomes of infection prevention by LF in preterm infants: Does the supplementation of LF decrease the occurrence of nosocomial infections in preterm infants? Conceptual/Theoretical Framework The studies reviewed did not mention a conceptual or theoretical framework pertaining to the relationship of the subjects investigated. A conceptual model of nursing, Levine’s Conservation Model, can be utilized in applying the methods investigated to provide care and prevention of infection in preterm infants. Levine’s Conservation Model is focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation (â€Å"Current Nursing,† 2010). The model guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the organismic level and accomplish the goals of the model through the conservation of energy, structure, and personal, and social integrity (â€Å"Current Nursing,† 2010). Conservation of energy in preterm infants is necessary for appropriate growth, and is achieved by adequate rest and nutrition; fighting an infection in preterm infants results in NPO status and irritability, thus expending energy. The conservation of structural integrity means to prevent physical breakdown and  promote healing, and is the consequence of an effective immune system (â€Å"Current Nursing,† 2010). The technique of LF supplementation and its potential preventative outcome on infection helps the patient conserve energy and structural integrity. Variables and Findings Manzoni et al. (2009) performed a prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial examining whether oral supplementation with bovine LF alone or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) reduces late-onset sepsis in 472 VLBW infants. The independent variable of this study is the supplementation of bovine LF or LGG and the dependent variable is the occurrence of infections in VLBW infants. The study randomly allocated infants into three groups; groups consisted of a control group (n = 168, infants supplemented with a placebo) and an experimental group (n = 153, infants given bovine LF alone and n = 151, infants given bovine LF with LGG). The main outcome measured the first episode of late-onset sepsis (sepsis occurring after 72 hours of birth); all tests were two-tailed, and P .05 was considered statistically significant (Manzoni et al., 2009). When stratifying for birth weight, Manzoni et al. (2009) noted a significant decrease in late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth-weight (ELBW, birth-weight 1000g) infants (P = .002 for bovine LF v. control and P = .002 for bovine LF plus LGG v. control) whereas it was not significant in infants weighing 1001 to 1500 g (P = .34 for bovine LF v. control and P = .07 in bovine LF plus LGG v. control). Overall, the results showed a significant decrease in the occurrence of infection in VLBW infants in the experimental groups versus the control group (P = .002 for bovine LF v. control and P .001for bovine LF plus LGG v. control) (Manzoni et al., 2010). A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study examined the impact of bovine LF supplementation to bottle-fed infants (King et al., 2006). The participants included 52 infants between the age of 0-4 weeks of age, ≠¥34 weeks of gestational age, and ≠¥2000 g, and who were strictly bottle-fed. The infants were randomized in a double-blind fashion; the control group  received a small dose of bovine LF and the experimental group received a higher dose of bovine LF (King et al., 2006). The independent variable is the supplementation of the higher dose of bovine LF and the dependent variable is the impacts observed in the first year of life. The outcomes measured included diarrhea, upper respiratory infection (URI), acute otitis media (AOM), and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The infants were examined six times throughout the year on the measured outcomes. The results showed a significant decrease in the occurrence of LRTIs in the experimental group than in the control group (P 0.05) (King et al., 2006). Even though this study did not include preterm infants 34 weeks, the effects of bovine LF are still apparent in the protection against infection. Yen et al. (2009) performed a study to examine the effects of porcine LF as a selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) regimen in neonatal mice. Transgenic mice were generated to express porcine LF; the neonatal mice fed from the transgenic mice and were then challenged with pathogens to evaluate in vivo antimicrobial activity of porcine LF (Yen et al., 2009). The control group contained mice that were fed normal milk and the experimental group contained mice that were fed the porcine LF (Yen et al., 2009). The independent variable is the transgenic mice with porcine LF supplementation and the dependent variable is the antimicrobial activity observed. The outcome measures included the growth rate of the mice pups, the state of the intestinal tract mucosa, and the circulating cytokines (Yen et al., 2009). Yen et al. (2009) concluded that the experimental group of neonatal mice showed a significant reduction of severity of illness (P .01), a significant inhibition of microbial survival in the intestinal tract (P .01), and a significant decrease in the number of bacteria cultured (P .05) than in the control group. The authors proposed that porcine LF is an ideal natural SDD regimen for the prevention of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients (Yen et al., 2009). Conclusion Research has proven the high incidence of a nosocomial infection and its adverse outcomes in a preterm infant. The efforts of research have changed  to finding a method to reduce or prevent nosocomial infections in preterm infants. Human colostrum is best in supplying the infant with LF to fight infection, but other methods of supplying LF are being studied. Research has recently proven that the supplementation of bovine LF has decreased the occurrence of infections in VLBW and preterm infants. Future research should include a larger, neonatal population specifically targeting VLBW and/or ELBW infants and the effect of LF supplementation on prevention of NEC. Further studies are needed to determine the dosing, duration, and type of LF (bovine, porcine, or human) that will be most effective in the prevention of infection in preterm infants without causing adverse effects or intolerance (Venkatesh Abrams, 2010). References Brooks, H. J. L., McConnell, M. A., Corbett, J., Buchan, G. S., Fitzpatrick, C. E., Broadbent, R. S. (2006). Potential prophylactic value of bovine colostrum in necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates: an in vitro study on bacterial attachment, antibody levels, and cytokine production. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 48, 347-354. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00151.x Callen, J. Pinelli, J. (2005). A review of the literature examining the benefits and challenges, incidence and duration, and barriers to breastfeeding in preterm infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 5(2), 72-88. doi:10.1016/j.adnc.2004.12.003 Current Nursing. (2010). Levine’s four conservation principles. Retrieved on September 23, 2010 from http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Levine_four_conservation_princples.html King, J. C., Cummings, G. E., Guo, N., Trivedi, L, Readmond, B. X., Keane, V., †¦ de Waard, R. (2007). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study of bovine lactoferrin supplementation in bottle-fed infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 44(2), 245-251. Lin, H., Su, B., Chen, A., Lin, T., Tsai, C., Yeh, T., Oh, W. (2005). Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics, 115 (1), 1-4. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1463 Manzoni, P., Rinaldi, M., Cattani, S., Pugni, L., Romeo, M. G., Messner, H., †¦ Farina, D. (2009). Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low birth-weight neonates. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(13), 1421-1428. Retrieved on September 4, 2010 from http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/13/1421 Polit, D. E., Beck, C. T. (2008). Nursing research generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Rodriguez, N. A., Meier, P. P., Groer, M. W., Zeller, J. M., Engstrom, J. L., Fogg, L. (2010). A pilot study to determine the safety and feasibility of oropharyngeal administration of own mother’s colostrum to extremely low-birth-weight infants. Advances in Neonatal Care, 10(4), 206-212. Stoll, B. J., Hansen, N., Fanaroff, A. A., Wright, L. L., Carlo, W. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., †¦ Poole, W. K. (2002). Late-onset sepsis in very low birth weight neonates: the experience of the NICHD neonatal research network. Pediatrics, 110(2), 285-291. Retrieved September 9, 2010 from http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/2/285 US Food and Drug Administration, CFSAN/Office of Food Additive Safety. (2001). Agency response letter: GRAS notice (No. GRN 000077). Retrieved on September 23, 2010 from http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodIngredientsPackaging/GenerallyRecognizedAsSafeGRAs/GRASListings/ucm154188.htm Venkatesh, M. P., Abrams, S. A. (2010). Oral lactoferrin for the prevention of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Art. No.: CD007137 (5). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007137.pub2 Yen, C., Lin, C., Chong, K., Tsai, T., Shen, C., Lin, M., †¦ Chen, C. (2009). Lactoferrin as a natural regimen for selective decontamination of the digestive tract: recombinant porcine lactoferrin expressed in the milk of transgenic mice protects neonates from pathogenic challenge in the gastrointestinal tract. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 199, 590-598. doi:10.1086/596212

Essay --

Memory in humans is a complex process and is divided into multiple components. Different areas of the brain are responsible for varying functions relating to memory such as short term memory and long term memory, which can further be broken down into subcategories such as emotional and semantic memory. Using fMRI, brain regions that participate in memory can be pinpointed and changes to memory that are resultant of aging or other neurological diseases and the pathology of the underlying brain structures can be detected as well. An example of a study done on memory was performed by Todd and Marois, with a goal of observing the role of the posterior parietal cortex in visual short term memory. To achieve this, seventeen subjects were given a visual delayed match to sample task during which the subjects were first shown a display of one to eight colored discs and after a timed delay had to indicate whether a probe disc matched one of the discs from the initial sample. In addition, to reduce any effects of the subjects using verbal strategies, the subjects had to simultaneously maintain a two digit number across the delay period. The results showed that the accuracy of responses decreased as the number of discs presented at the start of the trial increased. Moreover, it was established that the average visual short term memory capacity was capped at three to four objects. fMRI data was collected and analyzed from three brain regions: the intraparietal sulcus/inferior occipital sulcus (IPS/IOS), the ventral-occi pital cortex (VO) and the anterior cingulate cortex (AC). Activity in the IPS/IOS seemed to increase as the load of the task increased and it was shown that this region was active during maintenance and encoding. On the other h... ...Alzheimer’s, the roles cognitive reserve and compensatory recruitment can be observed. For example, education level and overall intelligence might alleviate some of the cognitive and memory deficits seen with age and disease related brain changes. Compensatory recruitment, such as bilateral activation of frontal regions on a verbal memory task compared to the left-lateralized activation seen with younger adults during the same task, is observed in older adults as well. These articles illustrate the point that there are multiple memory systems with differing functions. Taken together, these findings help explain why patients with brain damage to different regions do not always exhibit the same neurological deficits associated with memory. The use of fMRI has been extremely successful in identifying which brain regions are necessary for the multiple types of memory. Essay -- Memory in humans is a complex process and is divided into multiple components. Different areas of the brain are responsible for varying functions relating to memory such as short term memory and long term memory, which can further be broken down into subcategories such as emotional and semantic memory. Using fMRI, brain regions that participate in memory can be pinpointed and changes to memory that are resultant of aging or other neurological diseases and the pathology of the underlying brain structures can be detected as well. An example of a study done on memory was performed by Todd and Marois, with a goal of observing the role of the posterior parietal cortex in visual short term memory. To achieve this, seventeen subjects were given a visual delayed match to sample task during which the subjects were first shown a display of one to eight colored discs and after a timed delay had to indicate whether a probe disc matched one of the discs from the initial sample. In addition, to reduce any effects of the subjects using verbal strategies, the subjects had to simultaneously maintain a two digit number across the delay period. The results showed that the accuracy of responses decreased as the number of discs presented at the start of the trial increased. Moreover, it was established that the average visual short term memory capacity was capped at three to four objects. fMRI data was collected and analyzed from three brain regions: the intraparietal sulcus/inferior occipital sulcus (IPS/IOS), the ventral-occi pital cortex (VO) and the anterior cingulate cortex (AC). Activity in the IPS/IOS seemed to increase as the load of the task increased and it was shown that this region was active during maintenance and encoding. On the other h... ...Alzheimer’s, the roles cognitive reserve and compensatory recruitment can be observed. For example, education level and overall intelligence might alleviate some of the cognitive and memory deficits seen with age and disease related brain changes. Compensatory recruitment, such as bilateral activation of frontal regions on a verbal memory task compared to the left-lateralized activation seen with younger adults during the same task, is observed in older adults as well. These articles illustrate the point that there are multiple memory systems with differing functions. Taken together, these findings help explain why patients with brain damage to different regions do not always exhibit the same neurological deficits associated with memory. The use of fMRI has been extremely successful in identifying which brain regions are necessary for the multiple types of memory.

Their Eyes Were Watching God Critical Essay

In 1937, Zora Neale Hurston, author of Their Eyes Were Watching God writes about an African American woman named Janie Crawford who is in search of her inner self. While maturing, she develops more sexual desires which led to her three marriages. In The Kiss of Memory, Tracy L. Bealer talks about how love can be so many things and can be a struggle for Janie from her three very different marriages. Developing sexual desires made Nanny realize that a new life should be put ahead of Janie. Nanny then forces Janie into her first marriage with a man named Logan Killicks. Nanny chooses Logan because she feels marriage to a rich man will shield Janie from both sexual availability and thankless labor. † (Bealer) But Janie thinks different, while she is with Logan, she doesn’t feel loved or comfortable with him. Always having the responsibility to farm and work, she just felt used. After meeting Joe Starks one day, she finds herself thinking that â€Å"he spoke for change and c hance† (28). She thinks that being with Joe will get her out of her unhealthy marriage with Logan, and so she left.Having the mayor of Eatonville being her husband, she feels as if she is on top of the world. But all that changes over time when he gets abusive verbally and physically which made her feel as if she’s an object rather than a person. This all led to the end of her second marriage. After her two marriages had failed, she met Tea Cake who made her feel special and happy again. He’s supportive and respectful of Janie’s beliefs unlike Killicks and Starks. â€Å"Naw, it ain't alright wid you. If it was you wouldn't be sayin' dat.Have de nerve tuh say whut you mean† (104). He wants to show her how to speak her mind and be happy and not afraid to say what she wants to say. Although she has had some fights with Tea Cake, she finds someone whom she trusts and loves. In the end, â€Å"Tea Cake's rabies-included madness and the fact that Janie sh oots her husband in self-defense† (Bealer) is the end of their relationship. With every action comes a consequence, in this case it was when Janie, when she started developing sexual desires.Because of her kiss with Johnny, she is forced to get married. With her first husband, she found her second, and with her second, she found her true love, Tea Cake. He loved and respected her like no other and allowed her to speak her mind. Killicks and Starks were both too demanding which led to the fall of their marriage. These memories all came from a single kiss as a 15 year old girl. She is taught to be strong throughout her whole life, but she never really found her true self, just a bunch of memories within her.

Distribution for Customer Convenience Essay

There are several ways in which businesses arrange distribution to provide customer convenience. The methods used may vary slightly based on what sort of business is being operated. For example, those who are running an e-commerce business will have different techniques than those who have a standard â€Å"real world† business headquarters. Also, different real world businesses may have different techniques dependent upon the size of the business and where they may be dealing with customers. First, let’s look at e-commerce. Amazon.com is a great example of how distribution can be arranged to make things more convenient for customers. Amazon offers free standard shipping for items that are advertised through Amazon. One of the reasons that they are able to do this is because they have distribution centers located all over the place. When you make a purchase from the site, you will receive your packages from a particular distribution center and the location of the center is based on whichever one of the Amazon fulfillment centers is nearest you and contains the item within its standard inventory. This results in savings for the customer as well as faster receipt of items purchase, as they often do need to travel very far. It also means that packages are less likely to arrive damaged or in poor condition, as they don’t have to be in transit as long or switch hands as many times. Next, there are stores that you can walk into and order from their display inventory. The item will then be sent to you from a local distribution center that is found in another part of your city or state. This method allows stores to cut down on transportation costs as items don’t have to be shipped in large quantities to each individual store. They are just housed at a central distribution warehouse instead. The savings that companies see in their own transportation, warehousing, labor and other costs translate to savings in final prices for customers. They also usually mean that fulfillment processes are more reliable as well, as the network for handling distribution isn’t as complex and prone to problems of challenges.

Hysteron Proteron - Definition and Examples of the Figure of Speech

Hysteron Proteron s of the Figure of Speech A figure of speech in which the natural or conventional order of words, actions, or ideas is reversed. Hysteron proteron is generally regarded as a type of hyperbaton. The figure of hysteron proteron has also been called inverted order or putting the cart before the horse.  Eighteenth-century lexicographer Nathan Bailey defined the figure as a preposterous way of speaking, putting that first which should be last.  Hysteron proteron most often involves inverted syntax  and is used primarily for emphasis. However, the term has also been applied to inversions of narrative  events in nonlinear plots: that is, what happens earlier in time is presented later in the text.   Etymology From the Greek hysteros  and  proteros , latter first Examples and Observations He began to walk barefoot across the meadow, but the sharp dry grass hurt his feet. He sat down to put on his shoes and socks.(Iris Murdoch, Nuns and Soldiers, 1980)That time of year thou mayst in me beholdWhen yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang ...(William Shakespeare, Sonnet 73)Muammar Gaddafi Killed, Captured In Sirte(Headline in Huffington Post, Oct. 20, 2011)Im going to kill that magician. Ill dismember him and then Ill sue him.(Woody Allen, Oedipus Wrecks in New York Stories, 1989) Yoda-Speak One of the most common and effective forms of hyperbaton is  hysteron proteron  (roughly, last things first). Let’s take two examples from a master of the technique: Powerful you have become. The Dark Side I sense in you and Patience you must have, my young padawan. For Yoda in  Star Wars, hysteron proteron is a linguistic trademark. The key concepts in those three sentences are power, the Dark Side and patience. Their placement underlines them.   (Sam Leith, Much to Learn From Yoda, Public Speakers Still Have. Financial Times [UK], June 10, 2015) Hysteron Proteron in Don DeLillos Cosmopolis (2003) So attuned is [Eric] Packer to the future that he repeatedly literalizes the rhetorical trope known as hysteron proteron; that is, as he scans the several digital monitors mounted in his limousine, he experiences an effect before its cause. Among Packers premonitions is observing himself onscreen recoiling in shock from the Nasdaq bombing before the actual blast occurs.   (Joseph M. Conte, Writing Amid the Ruins: 9/11 and Cosmopolis. The Cambridge Companion to Don DeLillo, ed. by John N. Duvall. Cambridge University Press, 2008) Puttenham on Hysteron Proteron (16th century) Ye have another manner of disordered speech, when ye misplace your words or clauses, and set that before which should be behind. We call it in English proverb, the cart before the horse, the Greeks call it Histeron proteron, we name it the Preposterous, and if be not too much used is tolerable enough, and many times scarce perceivable, unless the sense be thereby made very absurd.   (George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie, 1589) Hysteron Proteron in Rhetoric and in Logic Hysteron proteron was thus a term from the discourse of rhetoric for a reversion that reversed the order of things themselves, including in both temporal and logical sequence. In this sense, it appeared across a broad range of early-modern writing, as both a blemish and an exploited license of order and style...In the field of formal logic, hysteron proteron simultaneously denoted a preposterous inversion, in this case the logical fallacy of assuming as true and using as a premise a proposition that is yet to be proved, or the proving of a proposition by reference to another one that presupposes it.(Patricia Parker, Hysteron Proteron: Or the Presposterous, in Renaissance Figures of Speech, ed. by Sylvia Adamson, et al., Cambridge University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: HIST-eh-ron PROT-eh-ron

Your Resume on Google Docs... and other recommendations for posting your resume online

Your Resume on Google Docs... and other recommendations for posting your resume online Everyone is saying to post your resume to Google   so how do you do it? I received this question from one of my subscribers, and will answer it soon.   But first, are you an online job seeker?   If so, I have some important recommendations for you.   Seriously   keep reading! Here are my top 4 recommendations: Have a 100% complete profile on LinkedIn.   If you need help, contact The Essay Expert. Fill out all the information on your Facebook profile completely, and post only professionally appropriate photos. Maintain a Twitter account with your first and last name as your Twitter handle (eg. @BrendaBernstein). Post your resume on line and link to it from all the above accounts. Who recommends this four-pronged strategy? At least one highly successful recruiter, Shally Steckerl of Arbita, Inc. EVP, who presented to a group of career professionals at the Career Directors International annual conference in Savannah, Georgia on October 21, 2011. I was there and I was convinced. Issues to Consider When Posting an Online Resume Before posting your resume on line, consider privacy issues. You probably do not want to post your home address details to the entire world. City and state will suffice. You may or may want to make your phone number available to the public. (In my opinion, a public phone number is a relatively low risk and will allow recruiters to contact you.) For an email address, consider creating a designated email for your job search and use that one on your resume. You will then cut down on any spam and youll be able to keep all your job-search related emails in one place, with a low risk of having them get lost amongst other messages. How do you post your resume on line?   The answer is coming very soon There are many ways, and I will suggest just a few here: Post it on Google docs. Heres an article from SimplyBlog that does a great job of explaining how to do that! How to Post Your Resume with Google Docs You might need to change your Google Docs view to the old version of Google Docs if you cant figure out some of these instructions, or you might be able to translate the instructions to the new version. I went ahead and published my resume to Google Docs. See Brenda Bernsteins Resume! Post it on indeed.com. Indeed is a highly recommended job posting site, free to both you and employers who post jobs there. If you post your resume, you will be given a URL for your resume page. The cool thing about indeed.com is that you will get a resume Applicant Tracking Systems (ATSs) can read! You can then save it as a pdf and use it to apply to other jobs that use ATS software. Create a website. The Essay Expert can help you with this. You can have a page with your resume and link to it from your other social media profiles.   BTW, everyone reading this article, if you havent done so already, should go ahead and purchase the domain name for your first and last name or some version of it!   Be ready with the domain so when you want to create your website you can do it. Attach it to your LinkedIn profile.   First download the application Box.net and then you will be able to upload your resume.   The resume will then be available to people who visit your LinkedIn profile. Following the above recommendations will set you up to be successful with your online job search.   Stay tuned for more tips and tricks for online job searches coming up in the next few weeks! Were these tips helpful?   What other questions do you have?   Please comment below! 🙂 Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: November 3, 2011 at 7:31 pm Thanks for the question Larry. Both forms are acceptable, and while (not whilst) among is more common, sometimes amongst simply sounds better to me. I play this one by ear. In my opinion, either choice is acceptable in a blog, essay, resume or any other document! Log in to Reply

Texas Decision to Refuse to Expand Medicaid Essay

Texas Decision to Refuse to Expand Medicaid - Essay Example As the paper stresses texas decision of rejection has protected the private insurance and encouraged its growth. Therefore, private insurance in Texas are affordable, and the number of people with insurance is increasing. Rejection of the Medicaid has affected the country negatively in that the country spending in the country funded health care programs for the uninsured is increasing. Once the expenditure increases the government increases tax thus causing an increase in price on different commodities. According to the research findings the Medicaid program harms the people though it is intended to serve. Expanding Medicaid means that patients who are already enrolled in the program many of whom have nowhere else to go for coverage will be competing for medical services with up to 20 million more people being added to the program. Moreover, the most vulnerable patients who have the greatest needs are likely to have the hardest time getting care. Texas rejecting the expanded Medicaid has protected its people from this problem. The expanded Medicaid under the Affordable federal Act provides a strong health care system. Provision of quality health care increases the number of residents with health insurance reducing the uncompensated care cost. In addition, healthy resident is a sign of productivity in that state. Medicaid emphasis more on coverage and not to care provided to the patients.

Management Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Management Accounting - Essay Example Traditionally, Airlines did not charge for the initial two pieces of luggage unless it exceeded the weight limitations imposed by the company. However, in the contemporary environment there is an accelerating trend of charging the customers with baggage fees. American Airline became the first major airline to impose a $15 fee on checked luggage which was soon matched by other companies. United Airlines recently begin charging its passengers $50 to check a second bag. The same policy was adopted by US Airways just after three weeks when United Airlines implemented the policy. Currently, most of the major airlines charge $15 to check one bag, $25 for a second bag and as much as $ 125 for a third bag with only exceptions include Southwest Airlines, JetBlue Airways and Alaska Air Group which allow transporting one bag for free. The baggage-fee frenzy has made many airline passengers wonder: Isnt luggage part of the service you get when you buy a ticket? Customers are astonished that what it actually costs these airlines to fly the 40 pound suitcase. Airlines are cognizant of the negative reactions sparked among the customers due to charges related to baggage fees. The trend has caused great annoyance among the customers but according to government sources these baggage related fees have become a boon for airline industry by saving billions of dollars for these cash deficient airlines. According to the US Department of Transportation, only baggage related fees from the US Airline Industry accounted to $1.15 Billion in year 2008 (Smith, 2009). According to the recent data, the companies in US Airline Industry collected $670 million only in baggage fees in the second quarter of year 2009 which is also a growth of 18.2% from the last quarter. It is estimated that only United Airlines will be able to earn more than $100 million on baggage related fees (CAPA, 2009). There are several reasons behind the math of baggage related fees. Firstly, in the

What Is Eco-Social Market Economy Research Paper

What Is Eco-Social Market Economy - Research Paper Example Formulated as a network of individuals, organizations as well as groups, the Global Marshall Plan is aimed at achieving the eco-social market economy with a view to bringing in changes that can sustain the planet earth. This research will, therefore, provide an empirical insight into the Global Marshall Plan for the eco-social market economy.This project will attempt to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the Global Marshall Plan for developing an eco-social market economy. This research study, therefore, will attempt to evaluate the ideas, debates, practical actions taken by the organizations as well as groups and individuals in achieving the desired objectives. What is also critical to understand that this research project will attempt to provide a sneak preview of how the implementation of the Global Marshall Plan can result in the creation of the eco-social market economy?This research study aims to address the following research objectives:- Whether implementation of the plan is practically possible?- What shall be strategic direction of the actions to be undertaken?- Whether there is a need for implementing new regulations to achieve the intended objectives of the Plan- Whether there must be an adaptation of a global approach to achieve the objectives?- What shall be the role of different stakeholders?The pace of economic development in the recent past, especially after World War 2 has been really quick which further allowed the organizations to exploit the resources at the speed that was really unprecedented in the human history. The increasing pace with which the forces of globalization took their place was something that has been relatively more quickly and with enormous consequences not for the economics as well as the social context of the economies but also the environment also.

Introduction To Jungle Warfare History Essay

Introduction To Jungle Warfare History Essay Jungle warfare is a military term used to define combinations of special techniques that are aimed in areas that are or similar to jungle terrains. Categorically considered as one of the most dangerous forms of warfare, the training for jungle warfare is usually specialized and separated from the traditional military education because of the differences in the approaches and tactics used. Initially, the United States was not too keen on having jungle warfare training for the military troops as they viewed jungles, as impenetrable and unsuitable for military operations. However, because of the successful attack of the Japanese Army to the British forces in 1942 through the Malaysian Jungles, this line of thinking was slowly erased, and jungle training was placed as an important form of military warfare training. Nevertheless, in a jungle environment, the combat operations of the US Army have met limited success and continue to be challenged. As evident in the 1965 to 1975 Vietnam War, the US Army faced significant challenges and struggles to be victorious. Highlighting on the Vietnam War, this paper will attempt to identify the challenges faced by the US Army. The paper will also discuss the kind of training needed for jungle warfare to address these challenges. Background on Jungle Warfare Training One of the most famous and successful jungle warfare training grounds of the United States military troops was found in Fort Sherman in Panama. Called the Jungle Warfare Training Center (JWTC), it produced about 19,845 graduates from the year 1953 to its last year of operation in 1999. It was considered as the most grueling training grounds and as John Smit, one of the products of the JWTC in 1967 put it, this training was so crucial to the militarys ability to wage war in Vietnam and short of going into actual combat situation, it was the best training warfare facility that could be established (Abel, 1999). The origins of JWTC can be traced back to April 1951, when then Commanding General received Training Memorandum 9, which later on established the Jungle Warfare Training Board (JWTB). The primary mission of the JWTB was to research, analyze and report on findings and recommend changes and additions to the established United States Army doctrine and techniques of jungle warfare and equipment designed for operations (Hudnall, 2004, p.58). JWTB emphasized and kept alive the spirit of jungle warfare in the military. The essentiality of the trainings being done in Fort Sherman was highlighted during the Vietnam War, because it was during this time that the need and importance for jungle warfare training was parallel to that of the army troops survival and victory. The results of the participation of the United States in the Vietnam War could not be thoroughly discussed without going into the condition of the troops jungle warfare training. Therefore, with this point in mind, this paper will be dealing with the results of the combat operations of the US Army in the jungle environment during the 1965 to 1975 Vietnam War, on why it has met limited success and continues to be challenged, and on the significant challenges and struggles for victory. In addition, this paper will also discuss the kind and quality of jungle warfare training, which the soldiers received in preparation for the Vietnam War and its impact to the problems encountered. The Vietnam War and the Challenges of Jungle Warfare The jungle warfare training of the United States Army in Panama held a significant but insufficient experience to the trainees especially during the onset of the Vietnam War. Swatrzlander (2002) noted that one of the biggest mistake that contributed to the loss of the United States during the war was not the type and quality of training they had to undergo before being sent off for war, although it plays a certain factor, but it was more on the sending off of sheltered American boys to fight in the guerilla or jungle war, which is by definition is an extremely strategic and deadly kind of warfare, and as such cannot be fully taught at only limited periods of time. The three-week training grueling and extensive as it may be was simply insufficient as compared to the experience and training of their Vietnamese counterparts, with the latter holding quite an advantage in jungle wars as they were practically raised in this type of environment and at young ages they were already trained to be hateful and merciless killers. It must also be pointed out that not all American soldiers who were on duty for the Vietnam War were born, trained and even liked to be soldiers. In fact, a considerable number of them were only into this situation because of the draft being put into play by the US government. All males during this time were required to sign up for the draft once they turned 18 and if they were drawn from the list, they were forced to join the military, and quite possibly be sent to a conflict or war zone with duties like that of the Vietnam War lasting for about a year. The Americans were given only a few weeks training to fight tough, experienced, hardcore guerilla fighters. The educational package provided by the JWTC included the use of weapons and tactical skills, through rigid trainings and exercises. It ran for ten three-week cycles annually, with reinforcement training exercises also occurring in addition to the ten regular cycles being promoted. The training cycle is usually composed of three steps: the training for individual soldier skills, small unit and company. Other trainings to help military troops prepare for the jungle wars and the survival in such environment included several patrols to the jungle terrains of Panama. This allowed them to experience the overall condition of being thrown into a jungle in preparation for Vietnam War. Individuals were exposed to different animals and vegetation, edible, non-edible, poisonous and non-poisonous. During this time, instructors repeatedly emphasized and stressed the various diseases and viruses which they may come in contact with in this type of environment. Shots like Gamma Globulin, a vaccine t o prevent contact of yellow fever which was quite common in central and South America, were given to the trainees (Protsch, 2004). Lindsay-Poland (2003) described the training for jungle warfare as one that served to test soldiers masculinity against savage nature and toughen them for the task of fighting civilizations Asian and Latin American enemies (p.196). Instructors taught the would-be fighters counterrevolutionary warfare with high specialized and complex tactics. Techniques designed to trap and smash enemy forces, as well as how to stage and repel ambush attacks, were just some of those items integrated into the curriculum. Afternoons were spent in the centers prized possessionthe zoo, where trainees hold and wrestle wild animals including the much-dreaded boa constrictors, just to practice dealing with the inhabitants of the jungle. Together with the curriculum being set out by the JWTC, the Jungle Operations Committee (JOC) also took certain initiatives to improve their mode and quality of instruction. Aside from conducting courses, the committee gathered questionnaires to officers and other military personnel who were assigned in Vietnam and asked for the reappraisal of the curriculum based on their experiences (Hudnall, 2004). This approach allowed them to acquire a more accurate detail on what is to be expected and therefore what is needed by the troops to prepare and survive in the jungle. It permitted the school to view its weaknesses and strengths especially in the improvement of their subjects making students more realistic to see the actual scenario in which they were about to face. A more concrete example of the improvements done through this practice can be traced back to October 1965, where instructors were able to observe a jungle-operations course in Hawaii, which was actually quite similar as to that in Panama but this time with an extra twist. The addition of the scene for a cordon and the search mock Vietnamese village was one point which the JWTC did not cover during their training. This theoretical enactment of possible scenes in Vietnam created a slight disadvantage to their trainees as compared to that of the other training. Such approach may help the trainees physically and mentally prepare more for the situation and believing in this as quite important to the students in training, the cadre or instructor added it into their curriculum. The condition in Vietnam was also a contributing reason why US military received minimal success. The environment was very harsh to the United States military; diseases like Dysentery, Malaria and Jungle Rot were very common and affected a lot of the soldiers. Jungles provide very little visibility with a few yards at most. Monsoon condition was also a factor as it rained straight for three to four months, making the troops wet, no matter how hard they try to keep themselves dry. Animal attacks, tigers and snakes were also situations which although were expected from the onset of their trainings were significantly different as compared to that in their training in Panama (Swartzlander, 2005). No experience in training would compensate for the actual scenario, especially when training and combat grounds differ in climatic conditions and natural resources and bounties. Aside from the lack of experience of the United States Army to jungle warfare, another item which may have caused the struggles and limited success during the Vietnam War was the training and actual stocks for the artillery. The United States and other Western countries depended on superior technology to defeat their opponents. However, in jungle warfare, the jungles erode to this blanket of superiority, making them more vulnerable (Kemp, Withington Keggler, 2008). Thick jungles can limit the use of vehicles and helicopters, which made surprise attacks, especially by those well-versed in the jungle terrain, easier. The close range battles and the barrier of trees and plants also made it more difficult to use support weapons and precision-guided ammunitions. Most of the weapons, uniforms and military ammunition used for training and actual combat during the Vietnam War were quite ill-suited for the type of fights and the tropical environment. Military issued uniforms were heavy and hot, and quite easily destroyed in the jungle environment. They were cheap, and they rot easily especially due to changes in weather condition. The high technology equipment and artillery used by the US army during the height of the Vietnam War also caused several problems for the troops on the ground. Take for example the M-14 rifle which was actually the type of armament used by the first batch of soldiers sent to Vietnam. With a weight of a little over eight pounds, it added to the sixty-five-pound weight survival kit brought by the soldier while away from camp. Furthermore, even if troops were trained in handling this equipment in jungle training centers, with shots either set to single or semi-automatic, they were not prepared for the different problems the weapons would actually pose during the actual encounter. Both the M-14 and its replacement the M-16, which although is much lighter at six pounds as compared to the former, jammed easily under wet and dry field conditions (Westheider, 2007). Grenades, which were also included in the individuals set of weapons, were still considered quite risky in the jungle environment. Fuse pins can be caught and removed by trees, shrubs, and some undergrowth resulting to possible unwarranted and unintentional deadly explosions. Another important point of jungle warfare, which added to the loss of the US to the Vietnam War, is their new strategy, which they used during the latter part of the war. Instead of following the search and destroy mission tactics to defeat the Viet Cong the more accurate name of their opponents they shifted their focus to also eliminating those that are supplying provisions to their enemy. However, with this new focus, new complications arose. Compared to US soldiers, the Viet Cong did not wear uniforms, and it was impossible to detect and identify them amongst the general public, especially together with the innocents. While US troops may have the best weapons and artillery or jungle warfare training, they were still unsuccessful because they had a difficult time identifying their opponents (Levy, 2004). This problem proved to be one of the strongest points of the Viet Cong in the Vietnam War. The US, in its desperation to end the dominance of the Viet Cong, resulted to two major search and destroy missions, the Operation Cedar Falls and the Operation Junction City, whose primary aim was to destroy the major strongholds and headquarters of the opponent. Nevertheless, in both occasions, the enemy left the targets before the American soldiers could attack and destroy the area. However, once the US military left these areas, the Viet Cong would make their way back and re-occupy the place. This was a continuous pattern all throughout the Vietnam War, resulting to difficulties for the US Army to concretely win the battles in Vietnam. The US government may have concluded these two missions as a success since they were able to take up the area but overall, it was still a negligible triumph because the degree of loss to the Vietnamese side was very small. The failure of the two major missions can also be credited to the different techniques and strategies that the Viet Cong used: they built underground tunnels to escape confrontation, questioning, and capture and with their knowledge of the jungle area; they also prepared plans, whether it was hiding behind trees and or shooting enemies from on-top. Conclusion The US army encountered many challenges during the Vietnam War. First was the lack of training and experience in jungle warfare. The three week period was simply not enough to instill the techniques and skills necessary for having a full-pledged jungle fighter. Second were the significant differences in climate and environmental conditions. Although initial training before the actual deployment to Vietnam was in a jungle terrain, the differences in seasons as well as climate, between Vietnam and Panama still held a big effect to the primary condition of the troops. Third, the weapons and equipment handed out to troops were unsuitable for jungle warfare conditions. Lastly, the tactics used by the troops were inappropriate for jungle wars. The fact that the enemies of the US during the Vietnam War were well-versed in jungle operations or warfare and that they had the support of local community was already a large challenge posed, as these are coupled together with the other four items presented above. It can be argued that the training, considering the limited time and resources, at the jungle warfare training school, was the best it had to offer. In terms of teaching basic information and letting soldiers initially feel the conditions of conducting wars, inside the terrain, the JWTC is assumed to have sufficiently and credibly spread the available information. Nevertheless, this still proved insufficient in the type of war that the US troops battled in Vietnam.

Henry James’ The Golden Bowl, The American Scene, and the New York Edition :: American Scene

Henry James’ The Golden Bowl, The American Scene, and the New York Edition In the letter he wrote to Scribner's in 1905 proposing that he "furnish" each volume of his forthcoming deluxe edition with a preface, Henry James portrayed his novels and stories as disenfranchised beings patiently awaiting a "chance" for their cause to be righted. James would be their advocate and the prefaces the texts with which he would demonstrate his novels' worth (367). In this paper I will argue that the writing of The Golden Bowl and The American Scene were essential precedents and complements to this project of self-vindication. Reading The Golden Bowl through its preface shows that beneath the narratives of familial and marital relations in the novel run stories of a writer's contention with a misapprehending audience--the same struggles out of which James spun creative autobiography and a theory of fiction in the prefaces to the New York Edition. Through his indirect critique of his readership in The Golden Bowl and the fierce challenges he delivered to his compatriots in The American Scene James laid essential groundwork for the lessons in reading and creative production he would later offer in the New York Edition. Paul Armstrong has argued that James's prefaces require the same "doubled reading" his novels require, that while the reader is absorbing James's account of his writing experience and his theory of writing, the reader is also responding to James as a centering consciousness whose "interpretive attitudes . . . are as much on display and as much an object for the reader's scrutiny as the impressions of a Lambert Strether or a Maggie Verver" (128). As comparable centering consciousnesses, James the preface-writer and his heroine Maggie Verver make common assertions. Both figures demonstrate the power of the creative deed. Paralleling James's affirmations about "doing" in the preface to The Golden Bowl is Maggie's discovery in the novel of her own brilliant capacity for action. After the assignation of the Prince with Charlotte in Gloucester, Maggie begins "to doubt of her wonderful little judgement of her wonderful little world" (307). She begins to "put" things both to herself and the people around her. She contrives gestures to effect a change in her "practically unattackable" situation. Henry James’ The Golden Bowl, The American Scene, and the New York Edition :: American Scene Henry James’ The Golden Bowl, The American Scene, and the New York Edition In the letter he wrote to Scribner's in 1905 proposing that he "furnish" each volume of his forthcoming deluxe edition with a preface, Henry James portrayed his novels and stories as disenfranchised beings patiently awaiting a "chance" for their cause to be righted. James would be their advocate and the prefaces the texts with which he would demonstrate his novels' worth (367). In this paper I will argue that the writing of The Golden Bowl and The American Scene were essential precedents and complements to this project of self-vindication. Reading The Golden Bowl through its preface shows that beneath the narratives of familial and marital relations in the novel run stories of a writer's contention with a misapprehending audience--the same struggles out of which James spun creative autobiography and a theory of fiction in the prefaces to the New York Edition. Through his indirect critique of his readership in The Golden Bowl and the fierce challenges he delivered to his compatriots in The American Scene James laid essential groundwork for the lessons in reading and creative production he would later offer in the New York Edition. Paul Armstrong has argued that James's prefaces require the same "doubled reading" his novels require, that while the reader is absorbing James's account of his writing experience and his theory of writing, the reader is also responding to James as a centering consciousness whose "interpretive attitudes . . . are as much on display and as much an object for the reader's scrutiny as the impressions of a Lambert Strether or a Maggie Verver" (128). As comparable centering consciousnesses, James the preface-writer and his heroine Maggie Verver make common assertions. Both figures demonstrate the power of the creative deed. Paralleling James's affirmations about "doing" in the preface to The Golden Bowl is Maggie's discovery in the novel of her own brilliant capacity for action. After the assignation of the Prince with Charlotte in Gloucester, Maggie begins "to doubt of her wonderful little judgement of her wonderful little world" (307). She begins to "put" things both to herself and the people around her. She contrives gestures to effect a change in her "practically unattackable" situation.

History of Muslim Essay

Elijah Muhammad was born in Sandersville in Georgia in a family of 13 children. He left home at the age of 16 and went around United States. He settled in Detroit Michigan in 1923 where he worked in an automobile factory. He later became an advocate for independence of black people, spearheaded for black operated institutions and religion. The Muslim community established various centers for worship while Mohammed established a newspaper, THE FINAL CALL OF ISLAM. During 1930s he came into contact with W. D. Fard. ho was a peddler and had already established an Islam temple in Detroit. In this temple much of the features were anti white. Fard proclaimed Islam to the collect religion for the African American thereby denouncing Christianity as religion for the slave masters. The teaching of this group was similar to orthodox Islam which included Sufism. Elijah Poole, together with his parents became very inspired by the master fard teachings which they received. This made them establish their own Muslim schools for their children. Because they felt that education in Michigan was not adequate. Mr Muhammad stance on Islamic education was firm and the religious community continued to resist placing of Muslim children under white Christian teachers In 1934 Michigan state education board disagreed with Muslims right to purse their own education agenda and the Muslim teachers together with temple secretary were jailed on a false charge. W. D. Fard renamed Elijah Poole to Elijah Muhamend. Elijah Mohammed then succeeded Fard of the Nation of Islam [N O I] and became the supreme minister. He settled in Chicago due to hostility he got from other Muslim functions in Detroit. Elijah Muhammad built what became the best and important center for the movement. They owned apartments, houses, grocery stores and restaurants. Many temples were opened in other cities and farms bought to grow ritually pure food for the members. The teaching of the Nation of Islam was that blacks should develop independence in economics, religion and nationhood. They had very strict rules. Where the following was prohibited drinking, smoking, gambling, physical abuse of the black women and inability to protect ones family from attacks by violent white America. Conservative good grooming ,neat clothing were required while some kind of personal behaviors like taking drugs, listening to music, dancing were prohibited. Self improvement was advocated, end of race hatred and separation of nationhood aspects. Elijah Mohamed was a divinely appointed prophet who changed the theological teaching of NOI which had been laid down by master Fard which proclaimed that Allah the Islam God had an earthly incarnation. In 1934 master Fard Mohamed disappeared mysteriously thus leaving behind Elijah Mohamed to lead the group. In 1942 Elijah Mohamed was arrested at Washington DC for conspiracy, sedition, and violation of draft laws, sympathizing with Japan during World War 2 and encouraging members to be against military draft He was then jailed for four years in Milan prison at Michigan. His teaching was seen to be black separist doctrine. This states that blacks were the original people on earth but were tricked out by Caucasian through global white supremacy. He demands freedom, equal justice, and law and constitution that would apply equally to all. Regardless of color, race and class He also stressed on equal membership on persons to members in society and organization of civilized society. Persecution and prosecution of the Muslim groups became life in Monroe, Los angeles, Calif and Michigan. Many followers of nation of Islam were jailed for being conscientious objectors of World War 2 White owned media and white operated publishers begun to circulate anti -nation of Islam propaganda on a massive scale. In 1959 Elijah Mohamed delivered a speech where he was accorded presidential treatment and escort. Later political leaders begun a denouncing and smear campaign against the Nation of Islam leaders and described it as being an anti America theories. Minister Farrakhan defended Elijah Mohammed and nation of Islam against these attacks. After would war two Mr. Muhammad was released from prison and he returned to Chicago which was a central point of Nation of islam. He worked very hard and expanded Islam membership. Among the new converts were Malcolm and his family. He came to influence Malcolm x who was the leader of New York Temple an ex convict. He had came from jail where he was serving a ten year jail term for theft . It is at this time when Nation of Islam teachings are introduced to him by a fellow inmate known as Beines. Malcom marries Betty Shabazz and preaches a doctrine of separation from the whites society. But a pilgrimage from Mecca teaches him that Muslim religion is for all races thus he softens his strict racial stand and breaks his free dogma on Nation of Islam. He later became very popular, speaking on politics gained roots highly on the Nation of Islam. In 1950s Mr. Mohammad promoted Malcolm x to the post of national spokes man and begun to write weekly newspaper column entitled Mr. Mohamed speaks which was A news paper for the blacks. The membership of the Nation of the Islam grew tremendously. Nation of Islam got a big brow when rumors’ went on about Elijah Mohammed had sex with various young Nation of Islam women who were working for him, whom he had gotten children with. The leakage and discovery of this information led to Malcolm being driven out of Nation of Islam. Although this was part of United States politics and counterintelligence plot to destroy the movement. Another reason of the split was a comment by Malcolm on assassination of John F. Kennedy which so Mohammed to suspend him from the society. Shortly Malcolm X founded his own movement on religious and political reasons; which was more Orthodox than Islam. Later he was assassinated on February 1965. The alternative too change the philosophy of the Nation of Islam is the destruction of the organization. This might be accomplished through generating factions among contenders for Elijah Mohammed leadership or through legal handles to probate court on his death. Thus Chicago should organize on how to generate the factionalism to destroy the Nation of Islam by splinting it into several functional groups. The United States government was accused of playing a big role in 1965 assassination against Malcolm and using secret police to meddle about with the affairs of the Nation of Islam and the black America. After the assassination the New York mosque was bombed. Mr, Mohamed sent minster Louis Farrakhan to New York City to take over the mosque there and begin the rebuilding mission. Later the following year he promoted him the post of national representative. During the late 1960s the greatly growing Muslim movement extended itself to more than sixty cities and settlement abroad in Ghana Mexico and Caribbean. A host of African government and Islamic government all over the world received Mr. Elijah Mohamed and donated generously towards his mission and effort. He went on HAJJ visits to Mecca the holy pilgrimage and pillar of Islam on many occasions during his life time. In addition to spread of Islam honorable Elijah Mohammed is credited for his contribution of an economically viable empire and his development programme. Under his leadership the nation of Islam showed signs of progress with the establishment of farms, export and import businesses, aviation, health care, administration offices, shipping on land, sea and air and his plans to start a modern university campus in Chicago. In 1975 he introduced mi minister Louis Farrakhan as his helper when they officiated the opening a multi- million dollar mosque and school. After the death of Elijah Mohamed 1975 Warith Deen Mohamed son to Elijah took over leadership and changed Nation of Islam membership allowing white members. Thus causing a major split in the organization Due to his drift from the black nationalists the splinter group under Warith changed its name to Muslim American Society. The other was lead by Louis Farrakhan who happened to be Elijah’s assistant. Things took another dimension later when Malcolm’s window accused Louis of her husband murder. Many members of the nation were disturbed at the movement’s new moderate direction and withdrew to form more traditionalist splinter groups. The most important of them retained the old names . the Nation of Islam and was led by Louis Farrakhan born Louis Eugene walcort of British west Indian parents of 1934. Farrakhan generary retained Elijah Mohammed ideas and practices including the strict behavior rules. He achieved prominence when he became a major adviser to Jesse Jackson during the latter presidential campaign in 1984 Conclusion Although the nation of Islam does not presently advocate for violence by its members the group preaches hatred of white race and racial separations. The membership of Nation of Islam is organized and poses areal threat. The Nation of Islam is responsible for the largest Black Nationalist newspaper which has been used by black extremists. It appears to be personal fiefdom of Elijah Muhammad . When he dies a power struggle emanates while Nation of Islam changes direction. While change in philosophy is seen and government intervention is seen to act as bureaucratic deletion destroy and reduce the activities of the group.

International Law Essay

International Organizations are attempting to target and eliminate child labour beginning by pinpointing the problem itself and understanding the reasons for it. UNICEF’s latest statistics from 2011 indicate that one in every six children aged five to fourteen are engaged in child labour in developing countries. The International Labour Organization (ILO) says there are over two hundred and fifteen million children working worldwide either part time or full time jobs. Furthermore, seventy percent of them work in dangerous environments. The ILO is leading the fight in eliminating child labour in an organized fashion. Their research suggests the damaging effects of child labour must be systematically eliminated beginning with the worst forms of child labour. The process begins with understanding the problem itself, the causes and consequences, socio-political aspects, and all the variables involved. The hard work of the ILO has helped create Treaties and Conventions banning child labour and â€Å"identifying concrete measures for Governments to take (UNICEF, 2011).† Through socio-legal challenges, the ILO is working tirelessly as they are at the forefront of the fight against child labour. This has resulted in various forms of success as they still have a long way to go. Using labour standards, Conventions, Recommendations, creating organizations, getting member states involved, raising awareness, and stressing basic human rights, the International Labour Organization has created a formula in the fight to end child labour. UNICEF- Convention on the Rights of the Child UNICEF, acronym of United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, has a mission to advocate for the protection of children’s rights, â€Å"to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential (UNICEF, 2011).† Just like the ILO, UNICEF is a special programme of the United Nations. This international organization relates to the ILO because of their devotion to aiding children internationally and aiding national efforts to improve health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children (UNICEF, 2012). Although UNICEF’s goals are not based on targeting and eliminating child labour itself, they take a huge part in helping the cause. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2012), since 1996 UNICEF programmes have been guided by the â€Å"Convention on the Rights of the Child,† which affirms the right to all children to â€Å"the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facili ties for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health (UNICEF 2012).† The Convention on the Rights of the Child is built on various international legal systems and cultural traditions. This Convention is a â€Å"universally agreed set of non-negotiable standards and obligations (UNICEF, 2011).† These are basic standards which are also referred to as human rights which set minimum entitlements and freedoms that are expected to be respected by all governments. UNICEF (2011) states that it is founded on respect for the dignity and worth of each individual, regardless of race, color, gender, language, religion, opinions, origins, wealth, birth status or ability. Therefore, they apply to every human being no matter where they are located. Not only are governments obligated to follow this Convention, but so are all individuals and employers regarding the rights of all humans. Furthermore, UNIFEC (2011) says that â€Å"we cannot ensure some rights without – or at the expense of – other rights.† Many countries including Canada have had to make changes to their common and civil law as a result of ratifying this Convention. However, this has been done for the better because local laws have been created to follow up with this Convention. For example, youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) which defines Canada’s different commitments under the Convention. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is a legally binding instrument which is the first international instrument to incorporate the full range of human rights. This includes civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is a special Convention, particularly for that reason that world leaders agreed on the fact that children under the age of eighteen years old often need the protection and care that adults do not. Furthermore, this would be a Convention for the world to recognize that children also have human rights. It sets out these human rights in 54 articles and two optional protocols. The first optional protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts, and the second optional protocol prohibits the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The articles identified by UNICEF (2011) spell out the basic human rights that children everywhere have: The right to survival; to develop to the fullest; protection from harmful influences, abuse and exploitation; and to participate fully in family, cultural and social life. The four core principles of the Convention are non-discrimination; devotion to the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the views of the child. UNICEF (2011) states that â€Å"every right spelled out in the Convention is inherent to the human dignity and harmonious development of every child.† The Convention protects children’s rights by setting standards in health care; education; and legal, civil and social services. National governments have agreed to undertake the obligations of the Convention, therefore have committed themselves to protecting and ensuring children’s rights. They have also agreed to hold themselves accountable for this commitment before the international community. It is the governments’ obligation to make sure they do their part after signing or giving formal consent to the Convention, therefore treating it as a treaty, contract, or agreement and making it officially valid. Both the protocols have been ratified by a hundred and ninety four nations. These nations that have ratified this Convention are bound to it by international law. Furthermore, compliance is monitored by the United Nations committee on the Rights of the Child because it is important to make sure the member states are acting and complying according to the Convention. As far as the child labour topic goes, focusing on the International Labour Organization is far more important than focusing on UNIFIC. As suggested earlier, UNICEF’s focus is on advocating and paying attention to the general welfare of children globally. This includes children that do not work, whereas the ILO focuses on child labour issues among other labour issues of the world. The global importance of both of these international organizations is immeasurable. Therefore, understanding the fact that this topic is on child labour issues, it only makes sense to focus on the ILO. The ILO Structure The International Labour Organization’s work is based on encouraging and promoting the development of social and economic progress. It is important for governments, employers’, and workers’ organizations to cooperate in order for this structure to function. Furthermore, their aim is to ensure that it serves the needs of working men and woman by â€Å"bringing together governments, employers and workers to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes (International Labour Organization, 2012).† In other words, the ILO has created a form of a governing system for the international workforce to ensure safety and to protect all individuals. The ILO structure emphasizes equality where the workers and employers have equal voices with the governments. The ILO also encourages promoting a social dialogue between the trade unions and employers (International Labour Organization, 2012). Where appropriate, they implement national policy on social, economic, and other issues. There is no international organization that is like the ILO because it resulted in the tripartite organization, â€Å"the only one of its kind bringing together representatives of governments, employers, and workers in its executive bodies (International Labour Organization, 2012).† The ILO accomplishes its work through three main bodies which are â€Å"The International Labour Conference,† â€Å"The Governing Body,† and â€Å"The Office.† These main bodies oversee progress and changes in the global fight against child labour. This allows governments’, employers’, and workers’ representatives to settle disput es and reach agreements by mutual concessions. ILO Conventions and Recommendations Conventions and Recommendations are drawn up by representatives of governments, employers and workers and are adopted at the ILO’s annual International Labour Conference (International Labour Organization, 2012). The ILO has its own Constitution which gives them the authority required to eliminate child labour. Member States are required under this Constitution to submit them to their parliament for consideration. Once a Member State ratifies a Convention, it takes a year after the date of ratification for it to come into force. Therefore, there is a process involved and nothing happens overnight in the fight to eliminate child labour. After ratifying, nations must apply the Convention in their national law and practice. Furthermore, the countries must report on its application at regular intervals as required by the ILO. The ILO provides technical assistance if necessary. In addition, â€Å"representation and complaint procedures can be initiated against countries for violat ions of a convention they have ratified (International Labour Organization, 2012).† Fundamental & Governance Conventions The ILO’s Governing Body has identified eight Conventions as â€Å"fundamental,† covering subjects that are considered as fundamental principles and rights at work. The fundamental Conventions include â€Å"freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour; the effective abolition of child labour; and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation (International Labour Organization, 2012).† They date back to 1930 and go to the latest Fundamental Convention that was issued in 1999. These principles are also covered in the ILO’s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998). The ILO launched a campaign in 1995 to achieve a worldwide ratification of these eight Conventions. This would be a huge breakthrough in the fight to eliminate child labour as there would be worldwide support of at least the fundamental princi ples and rights of work. There are currently over 1,200 ratifications of these Conventions, representing 86% of the possible number of ratifications. The ILO’s Governing Body also came up with four Conventions as â€Å"priority† instruments, thereby encouraging member states to ratify them because of their importance for the functioning of the international labour standards system (International Labour Organization, 2012). Since 2008, they are referred to as Governance Conventions. These Conventions were identified by the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization as the standards that are the most significant from the viewpoint of governance. The Governance Conventions include â€Å"Labour Inspection Convention, 1947 (No. 81); Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122); Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969 (No. 129); Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144).† As the titles suggest, the ILO finds it is just as important to inspect what Member States are doing as it is to create laws. There is no sense in creating a law that is not monitor ed, inspected, or enforced. International Labour Standards International labour standards are â€Å"legal instruments drawn up by the ILO’s constituents and setting out basic principles and rights of work (International Labour Organization, 2012).† International labour standards refer to either Conventions or Recommendations. Conventions according to the ILO are legally binding international treaties which can be ratified by member states. Recommendations are non-binding guidelines. In many cases, a Convention lays down the basic principles to be implemented by ratifying countries. A related Recommendation completes the convention by providing more detailed guidelines on how it could be applied (International Labour Organization, 2012). The intent of labour standards is to establish a minimum level of protection from inhumane labour practices, basic rights, enhancing job security, and improving the terms of employment on a global scale. The workplace globally needs equal basic rights, which must be on ethical grounds according to the ILO. The International Labour Standards consist of twenty three subjects which are further broken down into more specific subtopics. Each topic and subtopic has its own Convention. A Convention is an agreement between states, governments, parties, or military forces, especially an international agreement dealing with specific subjects, such as child labour (Mifflin, 2000). International organizations use these Conventions as their weapons in order to fight child labour. It is their legal instrument to hold governments and partners who agree and consent to them liable if they fail to act according to the Convention. The twenty three international labour standards include freedom of association, collective bargaining, and industrial relations; forced labour; elimination of child labour and protection of children and young persons; equality of opportunity and treatment; tripartite consultation; labour administration and inspection; employment policy and promotion; vocational guidance and training; employment security; wages; working time; occupational safety and health; social security; maternity protection; social policy; migrant workers; HIV and AIDS; seafarers; fishermen; dockworkers; indigenous and tribal peoples; specific categories of workers; and final articles Conventions. Origins of ILO and its Conventions Conventions are a part of the international labour standards and all nations that accept them must apply them to their laws. Many of the Conventions date back to the beginning of the ILO. The ILO was created in 1919, â€Å"as part of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War 1, to reflect the belief that universal and lasting peace can be accomplished only if it is based on social justice (International Labour Organization, 2012).† The term peace well describes their goals because they seek a peaceful global workforce where no one is exploited or put to work in dangerous circumstances. The Constitution was drafted in the same year the ILO was created by the Labour Commission set up by the Peace Conference. According to Encyclopedia Britannica (2012), the Constitution signifies â€Å"the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state.† Furthermore, a treaty which establishes an international organization is also it s Constitution in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Advocacy for an international organization dealing with labour issues dates back to the nineteenth century. Therefore, the ILO is not the first and only organization who recognized the importance of dealing with worldwide labour issues. However, they are the first organization to take significant actions to make a change. The ILO formed after considering the security, humanitarian, political and economic problems of the world. The ILO Constitution’s Preamble says â€Å"the High Contracting Parties were moved by sentiments of justice and humanity as well as by desire to secure the permanent peace of the world (International Labour Organization, 2012).† The ILO’s mission has remained consistent as most of the areas of improvement listed in the Preamble remain relevant today. For example, regulations of the hours of work including the establishment of a maximum working day, dates back to the beginning of the ILO. International Labour Standards Directly Concerning Child Labour Some international labour standards deal with the issue of child labour directly, while others do indirectly. â€Å"Elimination of child labour and protection of children and young persons† deals directly with the issue of child labour as the title suggests. This is the labour standard number three which has four fundamental Conventions on child labour and related Recommendations. The four Conventions include the Minimum Age Convention created in 1973 (â€Å"No. 138†), Minimum Age Recommendation created in 1973 (â€Å"No. 146†), Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention created in 1999 (â€Å"No. 182†), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation created in 1999 (â€Å"No.190†). The Minimum Age Convention is concerning the minimum age for admission to employment. Convention 138 (â€Å"C138†) was created on the fifty-eighth session of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. The goal of this Convention was to establish a general instrument on the subject, which would gradually replace the existing ones applicable to limited economic sectors (International Labour Organization, 2012).† Previously there had been Minimum Age Conventions for certain industries and areas where people could work. For example, Minimum Age Sea Convention or the Minimum Age Non-Industrial Employment Convention. Instead of focusing on every sector individually, the Governing Body came up with a specific Minimum Age Convention concerning all children and all forms of work. This Convention includes eighteen judicial articles in which the nations that ratify this Convention must follow. The Minimum Age Recommendations include fourteen national policies for which nations can follow but are not bound to by law. The Recommendations mostly explain what countries should do to follow the articles of the Convention itself. For example, national policy one says â€Å"high priority should be given to planning for and meeting the needs of children and youth in national development policies and programmes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This Convention is regarded as being of high importance because in the past, children as young as five years old became child labourers. The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour. Convention 182 (â€Å"C182†) was created at the eighty-seventh Session of the Governing Body of the International Labour Office. The goal of this Convention and its sixteen articles is in a sense created to compliment the Convention and Recommendation concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment. The Governing Body was â€Å"considering the need to adopt new instruments for the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, as the main priority for national and international action (International Labour Organization, 2012).† In other words, they needed solutions to the problem and recognizing that child labour is to an extent caused by poverty. Therefore, â€Å"long-term solution lies in sustained economic growth leading to social progress, in particular poverty alleviation and universal education (International Labour Organization, 1973).† This Convention really pushes nations that ratify it to take actions in eliminating the worst forms of child labour. The most notable articles state â€Å"the term child shall apply to all persons under the age of 18,† and â€Å"each Member shall, after consultation with employers’ and workers’ organizations, establish or designate appropriate mechanisms to monitor the implementation of the provisions giving effect to this Convention.† Overall, all the articles of this Convention are instructing the members about what they must do in detail and the processes for these actions are to begin immediately. The second part to the Elimination of Child Labour and Protection of Children and Young Persons labour standard is â€Å"Protection of Children and Young Persons.† This is mostly â€Å"Up-to-date instruments† which means these Conventions were created between 1919 and 1965 and therefore needed to be revised and updated. These Conventions include the Medical Examination of Young Persons, Minimum Age, and Night Work of Young Persons. It is important for the Governing Body to go over previous Conventions and address the changes that need to be made or have been made in order to monitor the progress. Nearly all international labour standards have an impact on child labour in one way or another. For example, â€Å"Equality of Opportunity and Treatment† is an international labour standard that concerns all individuals. If an adult is treated with equality, gets the opportunities and treatment that they deserve, their children will not have to earn a living and can pursue an education. This opens up doors for the following generations of children where they can receive education because their parents have good jobs. Relatively, this connects to the international labour standard of â€Å"Forced Labour† because the ILO’s evidence suggests that children and families as a whole are often forced into labour. The reasons can include unpaid debts, poverty, or any other reason from the list of causes of child labour. Therefore, these individuals face mistreatment and are often neglected from their basic human rights. Since these international labour standards connect wi th one another, it helps the cause because even if one of them is accepted by a Member State, it automatically helps another problem that we may be unaware of.