Lake Malawi National Park free essay sample

The point of manageable the travel industry is to guarantee that improvement is a constructive encounter for nearby individuals; the travel industry organizations; and vacationers themselves. 3 Ecotourism that attention on untamed life and nature began in malawi in1980. Some exploration shows that such the travel industry may not in certainty advantage these communitiesas it may prompt them getting reliant on the visitor economy, without creating abilities that would permit them adaptability in the economy and be all the more a drawn out assurance. Be that as it may, in spite of this idealistic goal, feasible the travel industry is as yet not broadly comprehended. For a beginning, maintainable the travel industry isn't really ecotourism. Dave N. et al(1988) , in any case, has demonstrated that such the travel industry may not really be useful for condition, or for the individuals who experience this consideration. Safaris in Kenya, for instance, are without a doubt ecotourism. In any case, Kenya is loaded with situations where lions have been constrained into sporadic conduct in view of inordinate sightseers, or where the neighborhood Masai individuals have neglected to profit by this sort of improvement. We will compose a custom article test on Lake Malawi National Park or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page All the more critically, ecotourism doesn't include more standard sea shore or city-based the travel industry, where effects are a lot more prominent than any nature-based the travel industry. Practical the travel industry, along these lines, is an endeavor to improve the effects of a wide range of the travel industry, and this 3 Twan H. (1999),Tourism in creating nations. p. p-125 1 Literature Review 2 infers looking for approaches to fabricate associations between the travel industry organizations and neighborhood governments or administrators of resorts. 4 Ecotourism a type of the travel industry that centers only around untamed life, nature, or extraordinary societies. Some contend that it is natural tourism5. Supportable improvement is an advancement that addresses the issues of the present without bargaining the capacity of people in the future to address their own issues. The idea â€Å"quality of life† incorporates everything that impacts the circumstance where individuals live. Consequently, it incorporates considerably more than material utilization. It is proposed to catch the significance of wellbeing, culture, and nature. there are two significant limitations, however †quality of life† doesn? t incorporate the government assistance that individuals get from their from the kids? s utilizations . in like manner, just natures instrumental value(ie, esteem in its own privilege paying little mind to human experience); an unclear term used to showcase anything identified with nature or 4 David N. et al. 1988)

Authentic Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing free essay sample

The article portrays a two-year study that included 26-second grade and third grade educators and their understudies from school locale serving groups of low and center financial status. The motivation behind the examination was to create students’ capacity to comprehend and compose educational and procedural content. The examination found that educators who included bona fide proficiency exercises a greater amount of the time had understudies who demonstrated higher development in both perception and composing. Evaluate This article gives instructors proof from research that expresses that progressively genuine proficiency exercises are identified with more prominent development in the capacity to peruse and compose new classifications. The article offers an operational meaning of genuine education that assists instructors with making bona fide proficiency exercises over the educational program. Likewise gave are thoughts and methodologies gathered from educators for instructors to bring genuine perusing and composing into the study hall. To help instructors in making bona fide learning open doors for understudies there is a credibility rating sheet gave that utilizes a 3-direct scale toward rate how much the explanation of an enlightening book being composed or perused in the study hall mirror the genuine motivation behind an educational book. We will compose a custom exposition test on Legitimate Literacy Activities for Developing Comprehension and Writing or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Perhaps the best commitment is the different simple to do exercises accommodated bona fide perusing and composing made to execute valid exercises in the homeroom. The article misses the mark in that it doesn’t give tests of understudies work to show how fruitful bona fide exercises were in expanding understudies cognizance and composing aptitudes. Understudies voices, suppositions were not heard. Is it safe to say that they were worried about the exercises? Is it safe to say that they were amped up for doing the exercises? Did they lean toward this kind of movement? Despite the fact that the article referenced the teacher’s considerations on student’s execution it didn't list the understudies. I still don’t know whether understudies felt these learning encounters expanded their cognizance and composing aptitudes. The creators could give instances of understudies work and furthermore give explanations from the understudies and instructors associated with the investigation. This will be proof that the exploration even happened. Likewise the writers could furnish a type of graph with a correlation of understudies composing and perusing perception aptitudes when they entered the examination. This will give archived proof that bona fide exercises construct appreciation and composing abilities. Exploration Pedagogical Implications This article causes me to consider the significance of giving chances to understudies to encounter legitimacy in their learning encounters. Subsequent to perusing this article I am persuaded that there is a requirement for more exploration to be done on small kids that gives educators more data about legitimate perusing and composing openings in the study hall. Examination in the field is for the most part finished with grown-ups leaving instructors with data that may not be precise for a more youthful crowd. A good thought I will join into my work is getting associates to demand relics created by my understudies. This will make their learning experience exceptionally valid in that they will create text that will be utilized outside of the study hall and may help in others learning. For instance one of the third grade instructors requested that an associate go to her group and request that her understudies make educational messages about creatures that live in the downpour timberland for her first grade understudies. This experience gives my understudies and her understudies a chance to learn. The procedures gave in this article to genuine exercises in science I will use over the educational plan. For instance I can have an instructor request that my understudies make Haiku sonnets for her to use to assist her understudies with verse. Possibly have the rec center educator request that understudies make a nourishment pyramid to assist her with showing wellbeing training. In my examination report I will give proof of children’s development by demonstrating their advancement on when outlines. I will give tests of children’s function as proof that the exercises and methodologies gave truly work to improve understudies composing. It would be significant for me to know whether understudies themselves felt they were inspired by the exercise. Additionally did understudies feel they gained from the movement.

Suicide of Tyler Clementi

Self destruction of Tyler Clementi Tyler Clementi was an understudy at Rudgers University in Piscataway Township, New Jersey, who supposedly ended it all after his sexual experience with someone else was presented to the general population over the web by his two companions, Dharun Ravi and Molly Wei.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Suicide of Tyler Clementi explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The online communicate occurred without the information on the eighteen-year-old first year recruit in school and it made him to hop to his demise from the George Washington Bridge on September 22, 2010. Ravi, through his Twitter channel subtleties, had indicated that he was to communicated another live video of Clementi’s gay relationship with his beau (Pilkington, para. 8). In any case, this didn't occur as Clementi was offended at the proceeded with presentation of his security and he proceeded to end it all. Since Ravi and Wei are liable for attacking the security of Clementi, they ought to be seriously rebuffed because of the way that through their egotistical demonstrations, somebody kicked the bucket. Each American merits their privilege against unsanctioned attack of security, and Clementi was no special case (Baniser and Davies, para. 2). All the more in this way, since he was eighteen years old, he is a completely fledged resident of the United States of America. This major human right has been the estimation of the American lifestyle and the alleged mechanical creations of this century ought do whatever it takes not to contradict this reality. The heritage of regarding different people’s security has been a fundamental fixing in the upkeep of the American culture that began once again 400 years prior. Some youngsters who damaged this basic uprightness that has held the American individuals together for a considerable length of time caused the self destruction of Clementi. Consequently, would it be a good idea for them to be permitted to go without any penalty on account of innovative improvement? No, the precepts of a general public are ageless and Ravi and Wei, who are every one of the eighteen years old, were mature enough to decide that their activities were probably going to cause somebody to feel bothered. As of now, numerous youngsters are damaging the privileges of their companions, similarly as Ravi and Wei did. This has caused numerous harms the same number of the influenced have wound up slaughtering themselves so as to keep away from the resulting humiliation.Advertising Looking for exposition on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Should we permit this pattern to proceed? On the off chance that such propensities are permitted to proceed, particularly among the American youth, by what means will our general public be in the following ten or twenty years? As the familiar axiom goes, anticipation is superior to fix, the extreme discipline of Ravi and Wei will fill in for instance that such sort of propensities can't go on without serious consequences in the advanced American culture as they are probably going to break the very texture that has kept up it for a long time now. All the more along these lines, since this episode has gotten expanded media consideration, the entire country is viewing the result of the case. In this manner, the extreme discipline of the guilty parties will fill in as an exercise to forestall the future events of such infringement of law that have expansive outcomes. This can show the centrality of politeness, with exceptional accentuation that the abuse of current methods for correspondence isn't permitted. In any case, communicating a live video over the web of the sexual experiences of Clementi is a cultural wickedness that could have not happened. Other than penetrating the protection of somebody, the wrongdoers did a repulsive slip-up of telling the general population of the propensities for their companion. Companions should monitor the interests of each other, and as opposed to doing this, Ravi and Wei went in opposition to this fundamental principle of fellowship and washed their friend’s messy cloth to the whole open, an activity that unfortunately caused his sudden passing. Because of this, the guilty parties should be in a tough situation on account of their heartless mentality of neglecting to think about the results of their activities. Clementi, a skilled musician, was somebody who had a gorgeous future. What's more, for his companions to mess with his private life out in the open is unpleasant. Rather than staying out of other people's affairs, Ravi and Wei set up cameras to get the activities of Clementi for the sake of entertainment and they should bear the fault for his demise. The conditions encompassing Clementi’s possible passing started when Ravi posted a Twitter message that read, â€Å"Roommate requested the room till 12 PM. I went into molly’s room and turned on my webcam. I saw him making out with a man. Yay† (Foderaro, para. 1). Around the same time Ravi posted the message, Rutgers University had begun a grounds wide activity to show its understudies on the morals of the utilization of new innovation. In any case, dismissing this activity by his school, Ravi felt free to post the harming data on the private existence of his roommate.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Suicide of Tyler Clementi explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The activities of Ravi and Wei â€Å"gravely damaged the university’s norms of goodness and humanity† and the endeavors of the foundation to energize â€Å"civility inside the public activity of the campus† (Foderaro, para. 13). In this manner, in view of the calamity that adhered to the infringement of the guidelines of the college, extreme discipline ought to be given to the wrongdoers with the goal that others may not rehash a similar mix-up. Inside the province of New Jersey, it is viewed as a criminal offense to attack the security of somebody with the expectation of social occasion or seeing pictures depicting another person’s bareness or sexual experience while the individual in question doesn't know about such activities. This fourth degree wrongdoing can make one carry out a potential jail punishment of as long as ten years, if different charges are likewise remembered for the wrongdoing. Also, the dispersal of such pictures to general society is a third degree criminal offense that can make one to carry out a jail punishment of as long as five years. All the more in this way, inside the guidelines of Rutgers University, gathering pictures of somebody without their assent is an out and out infringement of the understudy set of accepted rules. Thus, Ravi and Wei are probably going to be tossed out of the establishment. Thusly, being understudies at the college, Ravi and Wei ca n't end up being oblivious of the repercussions that were anticipating their activity of attacking the protection of somebody. Prior to the progression in innovation, schoolchildren tormented each other, particularly by the utilization of physical power. In any case, with the creation of present day innovation, things have changed and the physical quarrels are seldom utilized as schoolchildren menace each other by the utilization of the intensity of the innovation. Outstanding is the utilization of the web to send defamatory remarks of somebody. This is far and away more terrible as someone’s notoriety can be seriously harmed when millions around the globe find something about that person. This is the sort of circumstance that Clementi was placed into when Ravi and Wei posted his photos on the web without his assent with the goal of hassling him. In this manner, for inducing the badgering, the two should confront the punishments of the law. The demise of the gifted youngster is exceptionally frightful, particularly since it occurred in America and in the twenty-first century. Clementi’s youthful life could have been spared if his two ‘friends’ didn't stream his video on the web for the perspective on the general population. What was planned for entertainment only wound up consummation the life of somebody who was portrayed as â€Å"very amicable with a generally excellent potential for the future† (Foderaro, para. 6).Advertising Searching for paper on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In the United States, self destruction is the second most regular reason for death among young people, and, more often than not this is brought about by differences among the youngsters themselves. Since school life is when most youngsters find themselves, it is fundamental that one find beneficial social relations. In any case, this was not the situation with Clementi as he neglected to make an incredible most in school as a result of the proceeded with disturbances of his purported companions. It is surprising that Ravi and Wei were not considering the outcome of their activities by encroaching on the privileges of their kindred school mate. All in all, it is sure that Ravi and Wei ought to be seriously rebuffed for distributing the recordings of Clementi and his sweetheart online as their savage game finished the life of somebody who had an incredible future. On the off chance that they could have not done this, Clementi’s life could have been safeguarded. He ended it all s ince he was reluctant to confront the open embarrassment of his activity. Baniser, David, and Davies, Simon. â€Å"Privacy and Human Rights.† Global Internet Liberty Campaign. Security International, n.d. Web. http://gilc.org/security/study/intro.html Foderaro, Lisa W. â€Å"Private second made open, at that point a deadly jump.† N.Y. /Region. The New York Times, 29 Sep. 2010. Web. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/nyregion/30suicide.html?_r=1 Pilkington, Ed. â€Å"Tyler Clementi, understudy outed as gay on web, hops to his death.† Guardian.co.uk. Gatekeeper News and Media Limited, 30 Sept. 2010. Web. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/30/tyler-clementi-gay-understudy self destruction

Transformation of Work

Four year education in science (Hons) In Marketing BMME1 1142A Type of Assignment: Module: Lecturer: Member: UOB ID No. : Date of Submission: INDIVIDUAL TRANSFORMATION OF WORK (BAFW4) MR JOHN NEO BOON LEONG KAM YONG KUAT 10038891 27th JUNE 2012 Page 1 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) A basic survey of a scholarly article worried about specific parts of new issues of work Cross, S. also, Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the boys?Men, Masculinity and NonTraditional Occupations. Sexual orientation, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Introduction of Gender isolation of the work showcase essentially, there has consistently been word related isolation through sex in all nations. This is the situation, in spite of the distinctions in economy or political circumstance in the various regions. Despite the fact that it has been a drawn-out period of time since ladies have partaken in the wor king power, ladies men despite everything will in general work in various enterprises, for one explanation or another.Research directed by Simon Cross and Barbara Bagilhole (2002) has demonstrated that men commanded businesses like drivers of street merchandise vehicles, creation works, support chiefs, stockroom and vendors, specialized and discount agents. What's more, on the opposite finish of the range, just two word related gatherings are wholl y female strength (over 90%); medical caretakers and care partners. Other female ruled ventures including counter representatives, clerks, providing food partners, essential and nursery teachers and cleaners or household helpers.Unfortunately, sexual orientation isolation works both evenly and vertically in the working power. Not exclusively are people designated subjectively in various field or work, ladies happened to make up most by far of the lower levels of the word related chain of command. Taking model from the nursing business in the US, men makes up just the reasonable minority, yet, most are emphatically urged to apply for advancements into administrative positions.William (1992) has featured on an intriguing similitude of the ‘glass ceiling’ to that of ‘glass escalator’ so as to mirror the men’s smooth and relentless ascent to senior administration. Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to clarify the industriousness of sexual orientation divisions in work, and it has for the most part centered around women’s failure to contend on equivalent footing to men in the work showcase. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002) Men, manliness and ‘non-customary work’According to investigate led by Hearn (1992), manliness has been seen as a long way from uniform and it is seen not as ‘the embodiment of men’, but instead as a result of social and chronicled powers. There have been different hypotheses that feature that man who worked in nontraditional occupations would in general present a less manly sexual orientation type contrasted and men in conventional male-predominant occupations (Chusmir, 1990). Based on the amusement and media scene in Singapore, it appears to additionally demonstrate what Chusmir (1990) has contended. 0% of make-up craftsman, hairdresser and style architects will in general depict a progressively female persona, moving ceaselessly from the conventional male manliness. Some have even been viewed as a ‘fairy godmother’ (David Gan †Asiaone News, 2010). It might be because of the way that customers from these ventures are principally female, consequently the ladylike persona, and in the long run, homosexuality. Be that as it may, these likewise further explain the point that Collinson and Hearn (1996) made, that masculinities are ‘socially created, duplicated and to be sure changeable’.There are additionally contentions that proposes men received a ‘transformed’ manliness in nontraditional occupations, for example, instructing (Galbraith 1992) and men who reject generalized sexual orientation jobs, and who performed non-customary work, revealed practically no sex job struggle (Luhaorg and Zivian, 1995) Page 2 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) Cross and Bagihole (2002) anyway keep up that manliness is the shorthand for ‘gender identity’.And in this way, through this investigation of the different subjects, it took a gander at manners by which masculinities are characterized, ‘transformed’, (re)constructed, and kept up by men working in non-conventional employments. Discoveries of the investigation of manliness in non-customary work One of the subject talked with notice that ‘caring is viewed as an overwhelmingly female activity since individuals consider carers to be being female, and parts of caring like being empathic and delicate to people ’s needs are viewed as something that men can’t do’.This has started the subject to challenge conventional thoughts of proper sexual orientation conduct in crafted by a mindful occupation. Another member additionally featured the need to challenge the customary culture of engaging in the mindful scene, despite the fact that he has been acquainted with conventional manly qualities since youthful, through the doings of his dad and sibling. He would be considered as not quite the same as being a ‘real men’ on the off chance that he would to seek after in caring work.One more youthful member additionally noticed that he have gotten unfavorable responses when he referenced to young ladies he met during a gathering, that he was a male attendant. He needs to depend on lying about his occupation as ladies were not intrigued if he’s a medical caretaker. Most by far of ladies will begin to scrutinize his sexual direction or begin to impart their issues to him. These are only a couple of the difficulties that the members have imparted to respect to their sexuality and manly personality. Regardless, the members additionally have a lot of endeavors in testing the challenges.A male gynecologist who was likewise part of the investigation featured that he frequently felt in any case when he watched his female partners treating individual female patients, and thought it was somewhat poor. Also, hence, he endeavors to guarantee that he handles his patients with more civility and exertion to guarantee that his patients felt agreeable. This has gone down with well with his patients and he has been properly perceived for the endeavors. One of different members, a male medical attendant, sees his work as a long lasting profession, something that he will accomplish for the remainder of his life.With this mentality and approach, he will in general accept the position more genuinely and hope to endeavor superior to his female partners, whom num erous multiple times, enters the business, seeing it similarly as a subsequent activity or something to improve tags along. (Re)constructing an alternate manliness There are likewise the not many that look to (re)construct an alternate manliness, by relating to their work as being better signs of their actual self (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002). The members consider their to be as something that really draws out their actual nature as a caring person.One of the male medical caretaker associated with the examination remarked that he utilized not have the option to communicate his feelings out in the open, because of the cliché perspectives on the overall population. Be that as it may, in the wake of joining the nursing business, it has helped him to all the more likely communicate in an all the more freeing way. He currently has no issue imparting his feelings to individuals around him. This could likewise be the motivation behind why dependent on late reports, it has demonstrated that increasingly male medical attendants have been accounted for to enter the business (More male medical caretaker entering the business †Asiaone, Page 3 of 4 BMME1 1142ATransformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) 2010). It could likewise be to a great extent because of that reality that individuals have developed to comprehend and sympathize the work one does, is definitely not an immediate impression of your sexual direction or character. End Based on the investigations of the different subjects, Simon and Bagilhole (2002) had the option to set up that the guys either endeavored to keep up a conventional manliness by removing themselves from female associates, or potentially somewhat (re)constructed an alternate manliness by relating to their non-customary occupations.The men engaged with the examination have likewise demonstrated to be effectively keeping up customary male qualities, and not testing their sexual orientatio n character. When tested about their manliness, a portion of the subjects have kept up themselves as the predominant sex by reformulating the impression of their work as being more men’s work, for instance, by denying that a consideration taker’s work includes caring as it were. It has a specific component of arranging and the board included that will make the male predominance sticks out. Similarly as how Segal (1999) contended, ‘men have remained the prevailing sex by continually refashioning masculinity’.Through this investigation, it is evident that men have had the option to effectively keep up their customary points of interest even in female-ruled work environments. Indeed, even in female-overwhelmed work environments, for example, nursing, it doesn't normally set the change or biasness in the women’s favor. The men’s conduct and practices adds to their predominance in the business. WORKS CITED Feminine Males inside Entertainment Indus try Yoshio; http://www. whatshappening. sg/occasions/record. php? com=detail&eID=51825 David Gan; http://news. asiaone. com/News/The%2BNew%2BPaper/Story/A1Story20101110 - 246661. tml More male medical caretakers entering the business http://www. asiaone. com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20100712-226496. html Cross, S. what's more, Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the young men? Men, Masculinity and Non - Traditional Occupations. Sexual orientation, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Chusmir, L. H. (1990) Men who settle on non-customary vocation decisions. Diary of Counseling and Development, 69 (September-October), 11-16 Galbraith, M. (1992) Understanding vocation selections of men in rudimentary instruction. ‘Journal of Educational Research. 85,4 (March-April),

Culture and Religion free essay sample

Belief system was a higher priority than culture and religion for the development of patriot developments in the period before WWII. How far do you concur? Pioneer rule had achieved numerous critical effects in South East Asian nations which included numerous disappointments among the locals. Therefore, this achieved the ascent of patriot developments. There are numerous motivations to why there was an advancement of these developments and the two fundamental purposes behind this reason was belief system just as religion and culture. The spread of philosophy, for example, Marxism and socialism and the protection of culture and religion were one of the fundamental factors with respect to why patriot developments were across the board in the period before WWII. The development of patriotism alludes to how these developments had the option to accumulate mass help from local people, how far they can radicalize their developments and how joined the developments were. The development of patriotism was generally founded on belief system instead of religion. We will compose a custom exposition test on Culture and Religion or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Subsequently, I concur firmly to the announcement. Initially, religion and culture assumed a significant job in the ascent of patriot developments where it had the option to increase mass help from local people. Religion and culture was significantly dislodged by the provincial forces and numerous locals were severly influenced as religion assumed a significant job in molding their lives. For example, religion figured out how to impact and increase mass help. This could be seen in Sareket Dagan Islam in Indonesia. It just figured out how to acquire support from local people in the wake of changing its name and targets in 1912 to Sareket Islam. The gathering depended on Islamic change, which focuses on that Islam was a wellspring of vote based thoughts and otherworldly training. The gathering dropped the term â€Å"Dagang† to speak to a more extensive area of society past business interests and held the word â€Å"Islam† which was valuable politically in a nation that was dominatingly Muslim. This collecting of mass help through religion and culture could likewise be found in Burma. Buddhism was a binding together power in the early period of patriot developments as it went about as a strong social power in pre-frontier Burma. It was helpful in furnishing the Burmese with a national personality which resisted against the British and Indians. For example, the pongyis put the fault for the decrease of Buddhism on expansionism to win provincial help for the tumult. This was fruitful as in 1922, the pongyis came to control the strict General Council of the Sangha Sametggi (GCSS). In the two cases, the two gatherings utilized religion to increase mass help from local people and was effective in doing as such also. In this manner, it tends to be said that religion and culture had helped the beginnings of the development of patriotism when contrasted with belief system in that period. Ideological patriot developments just happened during the 1990s because of remote impacts, outside occasions and Western instruction. It needed recorded help from the locals not at all like religion and culture, which played an incredible perspective in their lives. Philosophy didn't speak to the majority during that timeframe. This point could be represented in the Partai Komunis Indonesia(PKI) in Indonesia which was already the ISDV group of the SI which pulled back. This withdrawal from the SI was viewed as hostile to religion and dubious by the customary Javanese society and subsequently unfit to pick up help from the majority. In this way, belief system was not as compelling as religion and culture as far as getting mass help. Along these lines, culture and religion could be contended to be a higher priority than belief system. Be that as it may, this is just substantial toward the beginning of the patriot developments where belief system was not far reaching yet. Religion and culture just adds to patriot developments to a little degree as far as the radicalization of the developments. Developments that bring together around religion and culture are less adaptable and have less capacity to adjust to new changes. These developments have in reverse dreams. Patriot developments that depended on religion and culture didn't control the impact of outer occasions, for example, the Great Depression, WWI and concealment. These developments couldn't adjust or change its techniques to oblige the necessities of local people and making their help decline over the long haul. This shows there was constrained development of patriotism in the developments dependent on religion and culture. For example, SI was driven by two groups, one by Agus Salim and the other by the radical ideological group drove by the ISDV. In 1918, when the Dutch detected the radicalization in the SI, numerous supporters pulled back their help from the gathering. This made the SI boycott joined enrollment in SI and other socialist associations which depended on belief system. This shows developments that depend on religion didn't develop and neglected to turn out to be more radicalized which was fundamental for the development of patriotism particularly where pioneer rule was suppressive. In this way, from here it shows that religion doesn't assume a noteworthy job in the development of patriot developments when contrasted with belief system. Philosophy then again was more expansive and more all-included than religion and culture. This helped accumulate more help over the long haul and furthermore prompted the development of national development regardless of concealment from pilgrim powers. These developments are likewise ready to control circumstances of hardships to further their potential benefit, for example, the Great Depression and its adverse impacts of local people. Developments dependent on belief systems are increasingly adaptable and can move its strategies to suit the requirements of their kin and furthermore hinder concealment of the provincial forces. For instance, this could be found in Ho Chi Minh’s Vietminh. Ho Chi Minh embraced the philosophy of Marxism which was acquainted with him when he had served the USSR as a COMINTERN specialist. He established the Indochina Communist Party(ICP) in 1930 which was effective as it figured out how to utilize the unforgiving financial circumstance brought about by the Great Depression. The ICP figured out how to abuse the people’s complaints politically byu causing huge scope rustic uprisings from 1930-1931 to the breakdown of frontier expert in north focal Vietnam. Additionally, patriot bunches which center around philosophy can pick up help from outer associations which could represent a danger to the pioneer powers. For instance, COMINTERN assisted with spreading socialist thoughts and offer financing to Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh looked for help from them to prepare progressives and increase experience which prompted his party’s achievement. In spite of concealment of the ICP, the development of patriotism despite everything figured out how to endure or even better become more grounded not at all like patriot developments dependent on religion and culture, This could be found in the ICP where they despite everything kept on working underground, fortifying patriot resole. In this way, through belief system, the development of patriotism became considerably bigger and assumed a significant job when contrasted with religion and culture. Religion and culture likewise didn't help the development of patriotism as far as its kin being joined together. The solidarity of a gathering or a development is vital and lays a significant job for the development of patriotism as well as its prosperity also. Patriot developments dependent on religion and culture present various issues of unification. For example, patriot developments dependent on religion and culture in nations that have a decent variety of religion and culture are to a great extent separated. This is on the grounds that the patriot development of this sort is just ready to pick up help of the individuals of its religion and rejects the remainder of its kin. For example, Malaya has distinctive ethnic and strict gatherings, for example, the Malay, Chinese and Indians. Every ethnic gathering have their own patriot developments which can't coorperate with one another as they have various points and objectives. In this way, there can't cooperate to accomplish patriotism to such an extent much that it prevents the development of patriotism as there is an absence of solidarity between the various races. This is an extraordinary issue looked by developments which depended on religion and culture as SEA is a heterogeneous area with various ethnics and societies and it partitions the individuals. Belief system then again didn't confront this issue as it spoke to every one of its kin with one vision and objective. It didn't isolate its kin as everybody had the equivalent political point which was to topple frontier powers and to accomplish its ideological objective. For example, the PNI in Indonesia built up national key images and made the national song of devotion of Indonesia to bind together the individuals. In this manner, philosophy in this sense is progressively significant in helping the development of patriotism as it assisted with joining the individuals together as one when contrasted with religion and culture where it disunities its kin. Taking everything into account, belief system is considered to be an increasingly significant and important factor in the development of patriotism. Religion and culture assumed a urgent job in the beginnings of patriotism when frontier rule had upset the way of life of local people. It assisted with starting nationalistic developments among local people anyway it was just brief as it couldn't deal with concealment and control circumstances just as ideological patriot developments. Developments dependent on belief system had the option to earn more help over the long haul and gave a reasonable point that assisted with joining the individuals. In this way, religion and culture assumed a significant job toward the beginning while ideological developments assisted with driving the development of patriotism further.

What are Binaural Beats and How They Work

What are Binaural Beats and How They Work The binaural beat is the difference between two frequencies, which are both below 1000 Hz, heard by a person exposed to those frequencies. In line with that, you hear one frequency in one ear and the other one in the other ear.For instance, let’s say that the sound that you hear in your left ear has the frequency of 300 Hz and the one in your right ear is 310 Hz. The binaural beat produced by this frequency difference is 10 Hz.This beat that emerges between two low and close frequencies allegedly has numerous positive effects on the human mind and body. Because of that, some people undergo the binaural beats therapy, which heals their health and mental issues.The purpose of this text is to explain the physical aspects of binaural beats, as well as their effect on our health.DIFFERENT FREQUENCY PATTERNSPeople who are exposed to different frequencies have different levels of electric activity in their brains. Based on the sets of similar features that are typical for certain frequenc y differences, there are four established types of frequency patterns.Alpha patternsThe frequency differences between 8Hz and 13Hz are called alpha patterns. These brain waves are usually connected with deep thinking, i.e. contemplation, as well as with relaxation. This is so because they turn your mind to be more introspective, rather than to observe outer things.As such, they can be quite inspiring when you need to concentrate on work tasks since they can improve your productivity. What’s more, studying or artistic and creative efforts accompanied by alpha patterns could be more efficient.Here you can hear an hour-long session of the 12Hz alpha pattern. Beta patternsThe frequency range from 14Hz to 100Hz covers the binaural beats called beta patterns. Since this scope is quite wide, beta patterns don’t have a unison effect on our mind and body.In line with that, the low-end beats are believed to improve our focus and readiness. So, if you want to wake up in the morning in an a lert mode, you might want to set up beta patterns as your alarm. For instance, this video can be used for that purpose, or as a preparation for the situations in which you want to be as assertive and concentrated as possible. As opposed to that, the high-end binaural beats could lead to anxiety and fear. Because of that, it’s not easy to find samples of beta patterns that exceed 25Hz on YouTube or online in general. Such recordings could increase the level of stress in their listeners, which is why they’re avoided.Delta patternsDelta binaural beats are all the frequency differences ranging from 1 Hz to 4Hz.These patterns have the lowest frequency in the zone of binaural beats.What’s clear from the sheer numbers here is that these patterns are associated with the lowest level of brain activity. In other words, delta binaural beats occur when we’re sleeping, i.e. during the deeper stages of sleep.That’s why you might feel lost or confused when somebody wakes you up from a de ep sleep â€" your brain was in the delta state. Now it needs a few seconds to reach the working temperature.Since they’re related to the calm and tranquil state of mind, delta patterns are beneficial for people who need comfort, healing and peace. Hence, binaural therapists apply these beats in soothing psychologicallytormented individuals, as well as people suffering from a headache and anxiety. Theta patternsFinally, theta patterns are slow brain waves, ranging from 4Hz to 8Hz, i.e. one step above the delta beats, but below alpha patterns.When you’re meditating, or when your brain is calming down to fall asleep, you’re in the theta state.That’s why theta patterns are associated with reminiscing, strong mental images, and memories. The brain waves in the 4-8Hz range are present when our brain is processing the data from the day behind us. This makes the theta patterns comparable to dreaming with your eyes open.To conclude, getting into the theta state will make you feel com pletely relaxed, without worries or negative thoughts. That’s why theta meditation is a popular method in binaural beats therapy.Try reaching this state with the help of the theta beats from the video below. Each of these patterns of binaural beats is used for different treatments within the binaural beats therapy.   Improved concentration, reduced stress, stronger motivation, boosted self-confidence, enhanced physical functions and better sleep are only some of the benefits you can yield from the binaural beats used in everyday life.Now, let’s get deeper into the practical use of binaural beats.THE PRACTICAL USE OF BINAURAL BEATSMeasurable physical categoryBasically, you can use binaural beats in two different ways: on your own, or within the binaural beats therapy.If you’re doing that without any professional supervision, you need to learn a bit more about the effects each of these patterns will have on your mental and physical state. This article is both resourceful and inf ormative for that matter, but don’t stop here. The more similar pieces you read and videos your watch, the more knowledge you’ll possess regarding the proper use of binaural beats.Likewise, playing binaural beats and brainwave patterns without knowing enough about their effects could make the entire endeavor counterproductive.When it comes to binaural beats therapy under professional supervision, it’s important to inform the therapist about your problems, and the expectations that you have of that therapy.It’s also good to know that binaural beats are an accurate physical category that can help you improve some things in your mind and body. They’re not metaphysical beliefs or intangible ways of treating mental and physical issues but easily measured tangible natural occurrences.Equipment for the binaural therapyIf you want todo the binaural therapy on your own, you need to get a pair of proper stereo headphones. It’s important that they’re stereo because this system wi ll enable you to listen to both frequencies in your ear, and record the binaural beats.Also, you’re going to need a smartphone, so that you can easily connect to the Internet and play the videos or tracks with binaural beats. Here you can check out some popular iOS apps with tracks for binaural therapy.The therapy settingSince binaural beats are brainwaves, you need to prepare your mind for the forthcoming binaural session. The setting in which you’re going to do that will play an important role in the outcomes of this therapy.If you’re doing it at home, it’s advisable to clean the place from any clutter. That way you’ll be surrounded bya relaxing and calming environment. If you’re feeling irritated by the setting in which you’re going to undergo the binaural therapy, its benefits will be significantly reduced.What’s also important is to eliminate any latent noise that might interfere with the binaural patterns you’ll be listening to. Again, this interference won†™t cause any medical risks, but it will prevent you from feeling the maximum effect of the binaural therapy.The duration of the sessionSome people who suffer from insomnia play a track with delta binaural beats all night long. While this isn’t forbidden, it’s good to know that their brain doesn’t keep responding to that stimulus throughout the night. It perceives the signals until it falls asleep.In other words, you don’t have to expose yourself to binaural beats for hours to improve your condition. As a matter of fact, the longer the stimuli, the weaker the perception.That’s why it’s recommended to listen to binaural patterns for 15 to 30 minutes a day. You should keep on repeating this session for about 30 to 45 days to notice some improvements.Also, after this initial period is through, you should continue doing the same routine, but within other mind-relaxing activity, such as yoga or meditation. That way, you’ll reinforce the achieved progress and maintain your bo dy and soul.HOW SAFE IS THE BINAURAL BEATS THERAPY?We’ve already stressed out that binaural beats and the binaural therapy should neither be perceived as panacea nor quasi-healing. In that light, it’s important to present some relevant evidence that speaks in favor of this therapy and highlight its safe nature.Doctor Giampapa’s sessionsDr. Vincent Giampapa, who was the president of the American Board of Anti-Aging Medicine, made a significant medical discovery when he realized that the alpha, theta, and delta binaural patterns used during the binaural beats therapy affect the production of cortisol, melatonin, and DHEA.These are the hormones often associated with our well-being and longevity. The results of his study showed that the binaural therapy can help us live longer and happier.Dr. Giampapa conducted his experiment on 19 participants, and each of them listened to binaural beats for four hours a day, three days in a row. This is how the level of these three hormones in t heir bodies changed.CortisolProduced in the adrenal glands, cortisol is one of the chemical substances that accelerate aging.It has a significant influence on our memory, as well as our learning abilities. When its level is high, it has a negative effect on our body, since it contributes to the feelings of anxiety and neurosis.When people with high levels of cortisol were exposed to binaural beats in Giampapa’s experiment, it dropped by 46% on average. Some of the participants experienced the cortisol drop of as much as 68%, while the level of cortisol for a few of them went down by 70% or even 80%.DHEADHEA is part of every hormone in our body and it’s responsible for our resilience to illness, as well for our physical age. As we’re getting older, the level of DHEA is naturally falling, as well. Even when we’re at a young age, the level of DHEA can drop if we’re under a lot of stress. As a result, we’re going to feel weak and ill.Two-thirds of theparticipants in doctor G iampapa’s therapy with binaural beats experienced an increase in the level of DHEA. One participant even had a 90% uplift of DHEA. On average, this DHEA growth rate was 43%.MelatoninMelatonin, also known as the ‘sleep hormone‘, is extremely important for the quality of our sleep.As people are growing older, the level of melatonin in our body is falling, too. Since our brain needs proper sleep to recover and revitalize, a lack of melatonin slows down some functions of the brain.The binaural sessions conducted by Dr. Giampapa caused the biggest increase in the level of melatonin. To be more precise, it raised by 97% on average, ranging from 73%, all the way up to 300%.Pre-operative benefits of binaural beatsA study on the pre-operative condition of patients who are about to enter the surgery has shown that playing binaural audio tracks is the most efficient way of soothing those patients. There were three different groups of patients, and there were three different types of pre- operative audio tracks. The first group of patients listened to an audio track with binaural beats. The second group listened to the same audio track, but without the beats. The third group wasn’t exposed to any sound interventions.The study showed that the pre-operative anxiety of the patients in the binaural group dropped by 26%. In the audio group without binaural sounds that number was 11%, and in the pre-operative group without exposure to any audio tracks, the anxiety drop was only 3%.This is another proof of how efficient binaural beats can be in treating different sorts of mental and physical stress.LIMITATIONS AND POTENTIAL RISKSSo far scientists have mostly praised the effects achieved through the binaural beats therapy, as well as listening to binaural beats in order to find comfort and relaxation.The creative power of the beatsThe study “The impact of binaural beats on creativity”, conducted by Reedijk, Bolders, and Hommel, has proven that binaural beats have a pos itive effect on divergent thinking. However, they aren’t beneficial for convergent thinking. Another conclusion from this study is that binaural beats can’t be used or perceived as a general trigger for cognitive enhancement. As we’ve pointed out earlier in the text, different frequencies affect different parts of the brain. Because of that, each of the binaural patterns has some characteristic effects.In this day and age, many people are under a lot of stress at work, which sometimes leads to anxiety and depressive conditions. While you can tackle these issues with some proven anti-depression techniques, sometimes you might need to spice up your struggle with negative feelings.A series of studies has been conducted over the years and they all support the claim that binaural beats can be an effective tool when you’re fighting against such emotional states.Potential depression incentiveHowever, the exposure to certain binaural frequencies could increase the feeling of depress ion, under certain conditions. An experiment conducted on a group of pilots showed that some of them felt a stronger sense of depression when they were been exposed to binaural beats of 7Hz. These results only indicate that binaural beats and the therapy in which they’re applied require professional supervision for sensitive groups of people.Some people have also reported that they enjoyed listening to soothing and relaxing music that contained binaural beats, but they didn’t feel comfortable when they heard them isolated. Again, this could mean that they simply didn’t play the right type of binaural beats for their emotional and mental state.In the YouTube video available on the link below, you can try this technique for yourself. It’s relaxing meditation music that contains delta binaural patterns. After that, make an experiment and play only a video or track with delta waves, without music, provided below the one with music and beats. Then you’ll see whether there’s a ny different in the way you feel while listening to delta binaural beats in different contexts. COMBINING THE BBT AND RELAXATION METHODSWe’ve reserved the final part of this guide on binaural beats for meditation, yoga, and workout with the soundtrack of binaural beats.Yoga and meditation with binaural beatsMeditation is meant to clear your mind from the negative effects of the outer world and focus on the inner self. Therefore, enriching your meditation sessions with binaural beats is a great combo for a higher level of mental elevation and recuperation.What type of the meditation practice you’ll pair with binaural is totally up to you; the most widespread technique is the popular Lotus pose.If you’re not a hardcore meditator, you can simply sit or lie down on your sofa, close your eyes, immerse your mind into binaural beats and let them take you to a relaxing and calm place in your mind.This track is suitable both for meditation and yoga sessions, so feel free to include it in your sessions. When it comes to yoga and binaural beats, you can get even more benefits from that combo. This is so mainly because yoga includes physical activity, in addition to mental focus. For instance, if you’re a more advanced yoga enthusiast, you can even use binaural beats during your tantric yoga practice.Check out the following video if you’d like to add the binaural patterns to tantric yoga sessions.[youtubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSbWsvCyl8cw=640h=330]Bedtime relaxation with binaural patternsAccording to the results of research published by The Guardian, an increased number ofworkers has reported issues with insomnia in the last 25 years. This unpleasant sleep disorder can deteriorate many aspects of your life, which is why it’s extremely important to nip it in the bud.This is where binaural beats can play an important role. The guide on the Sleep Habits website reports that delta beats are the most efficient option for pre-bedtime relaxation and improve d sleeping routine.Binaural beats and workoutYou can improve your concentration and determination during the gym workout sessions if you add binaural beats to that practice.When we were discussing different types of binaural patterns, we said that the low-end beta patterns enhance focus and alertness. This is exactly what you should include in your workout practice.Apart from the gym, these beats will help you stay focused and alert during your running routines, as well.Listen to the beta patterns in the video above and use them to perform your physical activity at a higher level. Binaural beats and white noiseWhile binaural beats occur when we have two close, but different frequencies, white noise is a random signal that has the same intensity in different frequencies.Thanks to its relaxing and soothing effect, white noise is most often associated with delta and alpha binaural beats.As such, it can be included in your yoga and meditation sessions.You can also play tracks that conta in both white noise and delta beats for a deeper and longer sleep.If interested in this combination, listen to the video below and see how these two types of frequencies sound together. THE FINAL WORDUsing binaural beats in everyday life can help you relieve the stress generated by unpleasant situations that each of us has to cope with from time to time. There are many different studies that encourage the use of binaural beats for the purpose of relaxation, mental rejuvenation, and overall well-being. Some researchers have even discovered that we can slow down some aspects of aging if we include the binaural beats therapy in our daily routines.Still, you need to know that binaural beats can also have no effect if they’re not properly applied. Because of that, those people who are interested in these physical enhancements should both learn more about their types and effects. Also, extending your knowledge of binaural beats therapy through communication with doctors and neuroscienti sts will teach you how to use them in the most efficient way.Finally, you’ll notice that there are many commercial providers of binaural beats online. With such an abundance of videos and tracks on YouTube, it’s advisable not to spend money on those commercial solutions, but use those free resources and improve your state of mind with the use of binaural beats.

How to Write an Opinion Essay (2020 Guide)

How to Write an Opinion Essay (2019 Guide) Opinions are like noses—everybody has one. The opinion essay is your opportunity to stare at your own nose for a while letting everyone else get a good, long look at it too. What’s great about having an opinion on something is that you aren’t obliged to support your opinion by facts or logic. After all, most of the time opinions are uninformed and irrational. But that’s okay—part of the point of writing an opinion essay is to see why we hold our opinions and how we justify them. After all, many of us maintain them on so many different issues without ever really knowing why. So writing an opinion essay actually lets you engage in some critical analysis. Think of the opinion essay as an opportunity to see whether or not your opinions are sensible or based on some kind of bias. In this article, we’ll look at all things opinion-related. We’ll give you some terrific opinion essay topics, an opinion essay outline, and show you how to write an opinion essay by following a few, basic simple steps. Let’s get started! Opinion Essay Topics Which style of leadership is best? Give your opinion on the kind of leadership you find most appealing. Back it up with examples of great leaders who represent that style. Golden Globes or Academy Awards? Which awards ceremony is more meaningful to you? Compare winners in similar categories and show why one or the other is more accurate at reflecting the best work of the year. Best artist in the world? Choose any artist—whether in music, writing, painting, drama, etc. Give some reasons why you hold this artist in the highest esteem. Greatest politician to ever live? Choose a politician from any era. Tell why this one is the best. Greatest athlete? Ali? Rose? James? Jordan? Give your opinion and the reason you think it right. Brightest philosopher? Whether you’re a fan of Aristotle or Kant, state your opinion. Explain how you came to have this view. Is social media good or bad? Give your opinion on this topic. Analyze your opinion to see if it is fair and balanced. Fiction or non-fiction? Do you prefer reading fiction works or non-fiction works? Why do you have this opinion? End the War on Terror? What’s your opinion on this War? Why should it end? Why should it keep going? End the Fed? Read up on what the Federal Reserve does. Give your opinion on whether it is time for this organization to expire. Socialism or capitalism? Whether you think Marx was on to the right idea or whether capitalistic society offers the better solution, explain your opinion on which economic system works best. Maybe there’s a third way you think would work? Share it. Dress codes There’s nothing like a suit and tie to stimulate conformity. What’s your opinion on obliging students to wear a uniform? Gun laws Another day, another mass shooting. What’s the solution? More restrictive gun laws, or more social awareness of the underlying problems that make people want to lash out violently in the first place? The 2016 Presidential Election Nothing is more polarizing than the Trump vs. Hillary debate. State your opinion and explain why you would have supported one over the other—or neither! Free speech Free speech is one of the basic Constitutional rights in America, but today there are a lot of politics involved in terms of how we view this right. Give an opinion on how far free speech should be allowed and who should have the final say on the matter. The drinking age limit You can vote at 18, serve in the military at the same age, but purchasing alcohol is off limits till you’re 21 in the U.S. What’s your opinion on the drinking age limit? Is it necessary? Does it work? Why or why not? Are we overprescribed? Overdiagnosed explains why health care professionals need to discuss certain facts about physical health with patients before embarking on a scan and treat program. Read the book and give your opinion on the matter: Are Welch et al. right or wrong? Capital punishment Does it work as a deterrent or have some other justifiable reason for being used? What’s your opinion on the death penalty? Provide a good reason for why you think it’s good or bad. Sports betting Now that gambling on sports has been legalized, what impact will this have? Discuss your opinion on the matter and whether or not you think it will do more harm than good or vice versa. Should the 2-year degree be the new 4-year degree? Give an opinion on whether you think students should be required to take more or less schooling in order to get a diploma that they can use to get a good job. Consider a variety of fields and whether your opinion would apply in every case. Opinion Essay Outline Title: Should Americans Bail Out Pensioners? I.   Introduction a.   Hook: What to do about America’s starving pension funds? b.   Opinion: Scrap them. c.   Thesis: If governments can’t pay their bills, they shouldn’t be making empty promises—and people shouldn’t be buying into them. II.   Body a. The main problem with the pension plan set-up. i. It’s a Ponzi scheme ii. Americans were naà ¯ve enough to believe it could work. iii. The pension plan was an I.O.U. used to attract workers to the public sector—but the I.O.U.’s came due and those running the public sector still didn’t have the money. b. The plan was premised on bubble economics. i. When bubbles pop, investors lose their shorts. ii. Pensioners have lost a lot since the 2008 bubble burst. iii. The faà §ade has been exposed for what it is, and now there are a lot of angry workers who want their retirement and the states simply don’t have it to give. c. Public workers thus want to be bailed out. i. That won’t work: tax payers won’t stick around for that to play out. ii. They’ll leave states that raise taxes—as they already are doing in places like California and Illinois. iii. Workers may deserve to be compensated since, after all, they were promised—but it’s partly their fault anyway for believing the promises. III. Conclusion a. There’s no happy solution that will be a win-win for all. b. The reality of the situation is that the pension plan system cannot go on and it never should have been started. c. If states can’t fund the work, they shouldn’t offer the jobs. Opinion Essay Example What to do about America’s starving pension funds? A lot of public school teachers and government employees all over the nation are more and more realizing that they promises made to them when they first started out on the job are not going to be kept. Why? The money simply is not there. Millions of Americans expect to be covered by their pension plans when they retire—and yet government officials are sounding the alarms, signaling that the pension funds are well short of the needed amount to pay out everyone’s retirement. In my opinion, the only thing to do is to pay out what money is left, apologize to the rest, and stop making these promises in the future. It won’t satisfy a lot of people, but the pension plan is a promise that never should have been made in the first place. The problem with the pension plan is that it is simply unrealistic. It was used as an incentive to get workers into jobs that were otherwise unappealing, low-paying professions with little to no up-side. People believed in the plan because most Americans are naà ¯vely trusting of people in authority. At least they used to be (but after the pension plan debacle plays out, expect fewer and fewer people to trust anyone’s word on anything). Melville showed as much in The Confidence Man, a novel about a con artist who dons various disguises to prey on the good will of his fellow passengers. This was essentially the ploy of those running the public service sector. They knew they needed teachers to teach in their public schools and police officers to police their streets—the problem was how to get them on a limited budget. The solution was to basically write them an I.O.U. and promise them an easy retirement and worry free golden years so long as the workers put in x amount o f years. The solution was a lie: those running the public service sector never had the means of paying out their retirees. Those running the public sector jobs put their hope in returns on investment. Stocks. Bonds. Emerging markets. Apple. Facebook. Bubbles, bubbles and more bubbles were blown courtesy of the Fed to help keep the Ponzi-scheme going as long as possible. But the 2008 economic crisis triggered the crisis point. The mask was pulled off; the emperor was shown to be wearing no clothes; the man behind the curtain was exposed—and public sector employees became furious. Now these same employees want to be bailed out—just like AIG was bailed out; just like the auto manufacturers and big banks were bailed out. One can’t blame them; after all, they put in their time and bought into the promise. At least, that’s what the kind half of me says. The other half says they were naà ¯ve enough to believe the lie, now they should live with the consequences. The money was never there. To expect tax payers to bail out the pension plan system now is beyond ridiculous. If taxes are raised, there will be a mass exodus from states—see California where this is already playing out. See Connecticut. See Illinois. In conclusion, there is no solution. The state will have to bight the bullet and the people who were promised the moon will have to find some other way to support themselves in their twilight years. It’s not an opinion that is going to make anyone happy—but it’s my opinion and I’m entitled to it, after all. Besides, if you want to be realistic about the whole thing, it’s the only opinion that matters. Everything else is just noise and more charades, and this country has had enough of both. It’s time to get real and time to throw the confidence man overboard. No more phony, empty promises. No more pension plans. No more public sector jobs if the state can’t afford to pay the wages and provide real incentives up front. It’s the only just way to do it, and it’s the only way forward. Yes, it will hurt. But it’s time to take the hit. How to Write an Opinion Essay Ever read the op-ed page of the New York Times or an opinion piece in a newspaper? If you have, you’ll notice there’s no one way to present your opinion. Some people prefer to use emotion when sharing their opinion. Others prefer to ground their opinion on research and facts. Others like to give an opinion based on some principle that relates to the subject. Opinions vary and so, too, do ways that you can go about writing an opinion essay. The best approach to take is the one recommended by your instructor. Most instructors will give students a rubric to follow or a guideline on how the essay should be constructed. It is important to follow these as closely and as best as you can. For all general intents and purposes, here are our recommendations for writing an opinion essay. Step 1:  Settle on a topic When you write an essay, you want it to be focused. You might have a lot of opinions—but you’re only writing one paper, so limit yourself to giving one opinion. Pick a topic that you actually have an opinion on and know what that opinion is. Write it down. Look at it. Think about it. Then ask yourself: Why do I have this opinion? Answering that will serve as the meat of your essay. Step 2:  Create an outline Our essay outline tutorial can help if you’re needing a bit more info on this step. If you know the procedure, you’re ahead of the game. Developing an outline is really all about just giving yourself a road map. It lets you see where you need to go so that your essay is complete. Step 3:  Make sure your thesis is strong If you’re opinion is that Republicans are bad because you like jelly toast—you better be able to explain it. If you can’t, your opinion essay will stink to high heaven. With that in mind, it helps if your opinion makes sense. You can say something like: Student athletes should be paid because they make a lot of money for their schools. You opinion (the thesis) is defined and is backed up by a good reason. Step 4:  Support the thesis with main points It’s always a good idea to have at least three main points to make. So whatever your thesis is (your opinion), try to support it with three good reasons, facts, or experiences that you’ve had. Remember, this is all about your opinion, so if you want to bring personal experience to the table, you’re more than welcome to do so. Also remember that this is not an argumentative essay,  or a persuasive essay: it’s an opinion essay. You don’t have to convince anyone that your opinion is the right one—but you do have to explain your opinion and help your reader and yourself understand why you hold it. Step 5:  Introduce the paper by way of a good hook The hook is what grabs the reader’s attention. You can create a hook simply by asking a good question. Or you can make a bold declaration, or you can tell a brief story to get the reader interested. All of these methods work to capture the reader. Once caught, you can introduce your opinion on the matter rather easily and, even, it is contrary to what the reader holds, your hook will keep the reader going. Step 6:  Explain your opinion in the body paragraphs Give yourself some room to understand why you hold the opinion you do. Even if you don’t exactly understand why yourself, you can at least explore this confusion and discuss some of the reasons you think you might have the opinion you hold on whatever subject your writing about. Make sure to give each of your supporting paragraphs a topic sentence that relates to your thesis. Follow your outline and you’ll be able to stay on track without wandering too far. Step 7:  Create a strong conclusion. The conclusion is where you leave your reader with your final thoughts. You can summarize what you’ve already written or give a final perspective—a macro view on the overall topic that helps your opinion to make more sense. Acknowledge that others might not share your opinion and that there are certainly other ways to look at the subject, but re-affirm that your opinion is based on whatever supports you described in the body of the essay—whether you appealed to logic, facts, experience, or emotion. Step 8:  Revise The most important part of writing an essay is the revision step. This is where you go back over what you’ve written and check for mistakes. Errors can occur in spelling, grammar, and in train of thought. Sometimes you’ll be writing and thinking faster than the words can be typed. When you go back to edit your paper for mistakes, you’ll come across a line that appears half-finished. Now’s your chance to finish it by completing the thought. Revision can make all the difference between an A paper and a C paper—so don’t forget to do it! Custom Written Opinion Essays Not everyone is capable of putting their opinions into words. You might have a basic idea—but getting it down on paper can be a bit beyond your reach. No worries! Our writers can help show you how to flesh out your opinion as if it were their very own. Say you’ve been tasked with writing an opinion essay on violence in the Middle East and have no idea what to say, how to start, and where to take it. Our writers provide people in your position with model essays every day of the year and can tackle your problem with skill and finesse. If you’re looking for help, try using a model essay to get you engine started. Order your opinion essay model today  . Conclusion Why do people want to know your opinion? Opinions tell us who we are and how we look at the world. The opinion essay writing exercise is a good way for us to look at ourselves and examine why we look at the world the way we do. What makes us hold the opinions we hold? What compels us to think about things as we do? Whether you rely upon logic and reasoning when forming your opinions, or whether they are based on experience and feeling, tell your reader about it. The opinion essay doesn’t have to be an all-powerful argumentative paper. It shouldn’t be. It should be a paper that gives you a chance to examine an opinion that you hold. In a way, it’s like taking a deep, long look in mirror of your mind and seeing what goes on in there. Yes, it can be scary. Yes, it can be daunting. Yes, it can be a struggle. But it’s worth it in the end. And, as always, if you need a little help—we’re always here for you. Helpful Tips and Reminders Pick a topic that you feel strongly about. Clarify your opinion by explaining why you hold it. Don’t be afraid to delve into some of the more confusing aspects of your opinion—after all, that’s what this essay is all about: bringing light to your opinion. Hook the reader with a strong introductory statement!

NAACP Essay example - 1432 Words

On February 12th The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded by a multiracial group of activists, who answered The Call, in the New York City, NY. They initially called themselves the National Negro Committee. Founded in 1909 The NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, has been active in its attempts to break legal ground and forge better opportunities for African Americans. At the beginning in 1909, some twenty persons met together in New York City for the purpose of utilizing the public interest in the Lincoln Centennial in behalf of African Americans. The history, function, purpose, and current activities of the organization is important.to work on behalf of the rights of†¦show more content†¦In the 1990s, the NAACP ran into debt, and the dismissal of two leading officials further added to the picture of an organization in deep crisis.However, in the second half of the 1990s, the organization restored its financ es, permitting the NAACP National Voter Fund to launch a major get-out-the-vote offensive in the presidential elections NAACP pushed for full desegregation throughout the South. Starting on December 5, 1955, NAACP activists, including E.D. Nixon, its local president, and Rosa Parks, who had served as the chapters Secretary, helped organize the bus boycott to protest segregation on the citys buses when two-thirds of the riders were black. Part B. Lemann discusses the life of George Hicks; native of Clarksdale who eventually works his way to the upper-middle class society of Chicago. 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Understanding The Uk Culture By Foreign National Students

The main purpose of research project is to understand in UK culture by foreign national student. There are 13 questionnairespre-sessional student at Middlesex University. We collect feedback from 13 pre-sessional students which are coming from different culture. The way of analysis these questionnaires used Zhou (2008) and also Hofsted’s, In that four dimension to comparing with national culture. In the research eleven people are coming from age belowthirty. The 47% people isquite confidence to speck with native people. In our research UK culture and international culture 67% differences in social life. Mostly 54% students have language difficulties in the UK. Introduction: - The topic is cultural adaption of Middlesex†¦show more content†¦Methodology: - This report shows how international students can adapt to the new culture well; the topic is the cultural adaption of Middlesex International students. We carried out primary research using a questionnaire for students who are studying in Middlesex University. The sample size was 15 people who were 7 nationalities: Saudi Arabia, China, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Nigeria. Thirteen questions were contained in the questionnaire which was based on Zhou et al (2008) that was produced by the three students who worked in our group. The main objective of this study is to find out about the adjustment and culture of those students. Findings:- This section will show the results from the questionnaire (see appendix A). The fifteen international students who are studying at Middlesex University were presented in the questionnaireresearch.To begin with, the seven nationalities were presented in this research. There were the dramatic differences between Saudi 33% and Nepal 6%, respectively. The second common was seen in China 20% and Thailand 20%. The figure for Myanmar 7% was exactly the same as Vietnam7% and Nigeria7%. Next, there were dramatic differences between students who have lived in the UK 2 months or less 60% and 5-11 months 13%. Moreover, the common was seen in the Social life which the difference between UK culture and other culture

An Interview With A Public School Setting - 1713 Words

Working in a public school setting provides a rich profusion of opportunities to interact with both children and adults claiming a multitude of different cultural and ethnic identities. As diverse populations continue to grow in the U.S., it becomes increasingly necessary for professionals and service workers of all types to acquire cultural competency. Although Suh (2004) identifies multiple variations of the exact definition, and the term as a whole contains many different components, its meaning and adherence have an undeniably universal effect and leads to harmonious and synergistic relationships between people of all cultural backgrounds. In an interview with John (named has been changed for confidentiality) on June 3, 2016, the†¦show more content†¦He decided to pursue a career as a high school English teacher. He began his career teaching in Grand Rapids, Michigan where he taught for 6 years falling more and more in love with being an educator every day. While teachin g, he pursued his master’s degree in educational leadership, and gradually took on roles within the school practicing leadership and curriculum development. It was there that he admits having his first real exposure to a melting pot of diversity both in his students, and his colleagues (personal communication, June 3, 2016). During the interview process, John (personal communication, June 3, 2016) reported that the most common minority groups he worked with were Hispanics and African-Americans, with the demographic breakdown of his first school being 20% African-American, 35% Hispanic, and 60% low income. During conversation, John admits that he strongly identifies with â€Å"white middle class† and feels his beliefs and values are consistent with the â€Å"average American†. He also admits that he entered the field with the naà ¯ve impression that everyone was more or less striving to attain the same â€Å"Middle-White-American dream†. As he quickly learned, nothing could prepare him for the diversity-laden challenges he would soon encounter (personal communication, June 3, 2016). Though there are many things John (personal communication, June 3, 2016) values in his work, he

Education And Requirements Of Criminal Defense Essay

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Women Empowerment in India Free Essays

Women Empowerment in India: A psychological view Women Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social and economic strength of Women. It involves increasing their power over decision making, social participation, economic opportunity and economic participation, political participation, access to education and health. Gender equality and women’s empowerment are human rights that lie at the heart of development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by UNO. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Empowerment in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Worldwide, in agriculture animal care the women contribute 90% of the total work force. Women constitute almost half of the population, perform nearly 2/3rd of its work hours, but receive 1/10th of the world’s income own less than 1/100th of the world property. †¢ Among the world’s 900 million illiterate people, women out number men two to one. †¢ 70% of people living in poverty are women. †¢ Lower sex ratio i. e. 933. †¢ The male child perceived as an asset for the landless rural labourer, a dowry earner for a greedy middle class family and a simple matter of pride for the mother. Women are relatively less healthy than men even though, they belong to same class. †¢ They constitute less than 1/7th of the administrators managers in developing countries. †¢ Only 10% seats in world’s parliament 6% in national cabinets are held by them. The Constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equal rights, no discrimination by the State, equality of opportunity for work, equal pay for work and protection of dignity. The year 2001 was declared as the year of empowerment of women. In 2010 March 9, one day after International Women’s day, Rajyasabha passed Women’s Reservation Bill, ensuring 33% reservation to women in Parliament and state legislative bodies. There are laws, laws and laws. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, Dowry prohibition act, Child Marriage Restraint Act, The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act etc etc. Still in India women are discriminated and marginalized at every level of the society. Gender disparity is high, crimes against women are increasing and violence against women is all time high and in most cases go unreported. Dowry related problems and death is increasing and is profoundly manifesting in the urban population. Workplace harassment of women is another phenomenon which is rapidly increasing as more women join the workforce. Early age marriages are still taking place in large numbers. According to UNICEF’s report, 47% of India’s women aged 20–24 were married before the legal age of 18, with 56% in rural area. The report also showed that 40% of the world’s child marriages occur in India. India, the world’s largest democracy, has only 60 women lawmakers in the current 543-member Lok Sabha, while there are 24 women MPs out of 240 members in Rajya Sabha at present. Everywhere women face barriers that hinder their ability to start or expand their businesses—challenges that CIPE is also working to address. Women often lack access to finance, to markets, to training, mentors, and networks, and to technology. They also frequently face discriminatory regulations, policies and practices that are often deeply entrenched. Sometimes they lack property, inheritance or land rights. A review of government’s various programmes for women empowerment such as Swashakti, Swayamsidha, Streeshakti, Balika samrudhi yojana and another two thousand projects reveal that little has been done or achieved through these programmes. Women’s access to formal financial services remains limited. Women’s empowerment cannot take place unless women come together and decide to self-empower themselves. Self empowerment should be all round in nature. Somewhere we have to make a beginning and it’s always better if we make the initiation at our own self. We can strengthen this mass movement for the â€Å"rise of womanhood† by bringing about the necessary changes in our own life as felt by our inner self. CHANGES: Two levels: 1. Individual level 2. Structural level Individual change: women become actors for change, able to analyze their own lives, make their own decisions and take their own actions. Women gain ability to act by building awareness, skills, knowledge, confidence and experience. Structural change: Women and men, individually and collectively, challenge the routines, attitudes, conventions, laws, family forms, kinship structures and taken-for-granted behaviors that shape their lives – the accepted forms of power and how these are perpetuated. Gender stereotypes and societal perceptions of females and their role are often the biggest barriers to change, because they shape women’s perception of themselves. Across all strata of Indian society, people still believe that women are capable of performing only certain types of jobs and that marriage must take precedence over career. This mind-set, common to both men and women, must change. We must focus on the girl child and help her escape the traditional stereotypes that stifle her potential. Take women in science as an example. The prejudice is that women are less capable of understanding science, despite all the evidence to the contrary. Psychological studies suggest that self-efficacy is one of the most commonly cited constructs for behavioral change. Self efficacy means ‘belief in one’s own competence and ability’. Low self-efficacy beliefs of women stem from the limited and disadvantaged positions women have in society. This makes any behavior change towards self-empowerment difficult if it merely relies on verbal persuasion. Own successful experiences, role models, positive feedback and persuasion raise the level of self efficacy. The best way by which self-efficacy is acquired is by combining persuasion with role modeling and successful experience in a supportive and appreciative environment. Micro credit schemes such as self help groups can give them successful experience. Governmental and non governmental organizations and progressive and resourceful women in the society need to come forward to help less privileged women in as many ways as possible, be the role models for them and persuade them to bring inner change. In India we have so many role models from our Puranas and Ithhasas. In the olden days Indian women have accomplished so much in adverse environments. We are the descendants of great achievers like Avvaiyar, Kannagi and Droupathi. Let us take them as role models and learn to attain their amazing mental strength and will power. Somewhere we have to make a beginning and it’s always better if we make the initiation at our own self. We can strengthen this mass movement for the â€Å"women empowerment† by bringing about the necessary changes in our own life as felt by our inner self. Further we can transmit the change to others and empower them. A small step today will definitely lead to a giant leap tomorrow. Let us remember Swamy Vivekannda’s words. â€Å"All the power is in you. Be conscious and bring it out. Arise, awake and stop not till you reach your goal’ [pic] How to cite Women Empowerment in India, Essay examples Women Empowerment in India Free Essays string(269) " percentage shares of position as legislators, senior officials and managers; and \(2\) Women and men’s percentage shares of professional and technical positions; and \(c\) 3 Power over economic resources as measured by women’s and men’s estimated earned income\." http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Empowerment in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now cfm? abstract_id=1320071 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN INDIA Purusottam Nayak and Bidisha Mahanta Email: nehu_pnayak@yahoo. co. in Web Address: www. pnayak. webs. com/ Abstract The present paper is an attempt to analyze the status of women empowerment in India using various indicators like women’s household decision making power, financial autonomy, freedom of movement, political participation, acceptance of unequal gender role, exposure to media, access to education, experience of domestic violence etc based on data from different sources. The study reveals that women of India are relatively disempowered and they enjoy somewhat lower status than that of men in spite of many efforts undertaken by government. Gender gap exists regarding access to education and employment. Household decision making power and freedom of movement of women vary considerably with their age, education and employment status. It is found that acceptance of unequal gender norms by women are still prevailing in the society. More than half of the women believe wife beating to be justified for one reason or the other. Fewer women have final say on how to spend their earnings. Control over cash earnings increases with age, education and with place of residence. Women’s exposure to media is also less relative to men. Rural women are more prone to domestic violence than that of urban women. A large gender gap exists in political participation too. The study concludes by an observation that access to education and employment are only the enabling factors to empowerment, achievement towards the goal, however, depends largely on the attitude of the people towards gender equality. Introduction In the last five decades, the concept of women empowerment has undergone a sea change from welfare oriented approach to equity approach. It has been understood as the process by which the powerless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives. Empowerment particularly includes control over resources and ideology. According to Sen and Batliwala (2000) it leads to a growing intrinsic capabilitygreater self confidence, and an inner transformation of one’s consciousness that enables one to overcome external barrier. This view mainly emphasizes on two important aspects. Firstly, it is a power to achieve desired goals but not a power over others. Secondly, idea of empowerment is more applicable to those who are powerless- whether they are male or female, or group of individuals, class or caste. 1 Though concept of empowerment is not specific to women, yet it is unique in that and it cuts across all types of class and caste and also within families and households (Malhotra et al, 2002). Women empowerment is also defined as a change in the context of a women’s life, which enables her increased capacity for leading a fulfilling human life. It gets reflected both in external qualities (viz. health, mobility, education and awareness, status in the family, participation in decision making, and also at the level of material security) and internal qualities (viz. self awareness and self confidence) [Human Development in South Asia (2000) as quoted by Mathew (2003)]. UNDP (1990) for the first time introduced the concept of Human Development Index (HDI) that evolved initially as a broader measure of socio-economic progress of a nation but it became popular as a measure of average achievements in human development for both the sexes. Contrary to the general belief that development is gender neutral, statistics show that women lag behind men all over the world including India in almost all aspects of life. It is for this reason that the focus on human development has been to highlight the gender dimension and continuing inequalities confronting women since 1995 (UNDP 1995). The Report noted that without empowering women overall development of human beings is not possible. It further stressed that if development is not engendered, is endangered. To bring out the facts and figures relating to deprivation of women two indices, namely, Gender related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) were introduced. While GDI measures the achievements in the same dimensions and variables as the HDI, it also takes into account inequality in achievement between women and men (Anand and Sen, 1995). The greater the gender disparity in human development, the lower is country’s GDI compared to its HDI. The GDI is the HDI adjusted downwards for gender inequality. On the other hand, GEM indicates whether women are able to actively participate in economic and political life. Theoretically, the index can take values between zero and infinity, with a value of unity reflecting an absolute equality in the respective attainments of males and females. A value higher than unity would imply that females have better attainments than males. 2 Construction of GDI As we know HDI is a composite index of three basic components of human development such as knowledge (Education Index), longevity (Health Index), and standard of living (Income Index) where: I1 ? Education Index ? , I 2 ? Health Index ? are constructed by (1) I 3 ? Income Index ? by (2) : (1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. I j ? X ij ? Min( X ) Max( X i ) ? Min( X i ) Log ( X ij ) ? Log ? Min? X i Log ? Max? X i ? Log ? Min? X i (2)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I 3 ? To construct GDI the following three steps are involved: Step-I: For each dimension of education and health, indices are constructed for males and females separately using the formula (1) and for income index by formula (2); Step-II: For each dimension, Equally Distributed Index (EDI) is constructed using the formula (3) as follows: ? Male population Share Female Population Share ? (3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ EDI ? ? ? Dimension Index for Male ? Dimension Index for Female ? ? ? ? ? 1 Step-III: GDI is calculated by combining the three equally distributed indices in an un-weighted average using the formula (4): 1 (4)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. GDI j ? ( EDI1 ? EDI 2 ? EDI 3 ) 3 Construction of GEM Gender Empowerment Measure as we know focuses on women’s opportunity rather than their capabilities. It captures gender inequality in three key areas such as (a) Political participation and decision making power as measured by women’s and men’s percentage shares of parliamentary seats; (b) Economic participation and decision making power as measured by two indicators: (1) Women and men’s percentage shares of position as legislators, senior officials and managers; and (2) Women and men’s percentage shares of professional and technical positions; and (c) 3 Power over economic resources as measured by women’s and men’s estimated earned income. You read "Women Empowerment in India" in category "Papers" For each of these three dimensions, an Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage (EDEP) is calculated as a population weighted average according to the general formula (5): ? Female Popn. Share Male Popn. Share ? (5)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ EDEP ? ? ? ? Male Index ? ? Female Index ?1 The EDEP for political participation and economic participation are each divided by 50 to construct the corresponding indexed EDEP whereas for economic resources simple EDEP is taken into consideration. All these three indices are averaged to construct the GEM. Planning Commission (G. O. I. , 2002) used a third index, namely, Gender Equality Index (GEI) in the National Human Development Report. The methodology for construction of GEI is the same as that of HDI. The point of departure involves expressing the index as a proportion of attainment level for females to that of males. Secondly, in estimating the index, the economic attainments for males and females have been captured by taking the respective worker-population ratio, unlike the use of per-capita monthly expenditure as in the HDI. This has been done, primarily, to avoid taking recourse to apportioning consumption or income, between males and females at the household or at an individual level, using criteria that could always be debated. Educational and health attainments have been captured using the same set of indicators as in the case of HDI. Besides these three indices, a number of other socioeconomic and political indicators are being widely used to measure women empowerment (G. O. I. , 2005-06). Review of Literature A number of studies have been undertaken on women empowerment at the global level and in India. Some studies dealt on methodological issues and some on empirical analysis. Moser (1993) focused on the interrelationship between gender and development, the formulation of gender policy and the implementation of gender planning and practices. The work of Shields (1995) provided an exploratory 4 framework to understand and develop the concept of empowerment both from a theoretical and practical perspective with a particular focus on women’s perception of the meaning of empowerment in their lives. Anand and Sen (1995) tried to develop a measure of gender inequality. Pillarisetti and Gillivray (1998) mainly emphasized on the methodology of construction, composition and determinant of GEM. Bardhan and Klasen (1999) criticized GEM as an inadequate index of measuring women empowerment at the aggregate level. Malhotra et al (2002) in their paper prepared for the World Bank highlighted methodological issues of measurement and analysis of women empowerment. Chattopadhyay and Duflo (2001) in their paper used a policy of political reservation for women adopted in India to study the impact of women’s leadership on policy decision. They found that women were more likely to participate in policy making process if the leader of the village community was happened to be women. Mahanta (2002) sought to explain the question of women’s access to or deprivation of basic human rights as the right to health, education and work, legal rights, rights of working women’s, besides issues like domestic violence, all the while keeping the peculiar socio-cultural situation of the North East in mind. A workshop organized in 2003 by the Institute of Social Sciences and South Asia Partnership, Canada addressed the issues like â€Å"Proxy Women† who after being elected to Panchayat bodies were merely puppets in the hands of their husbands, relatives and other male Panchayat members; and emphasized on training programme for their capacity building. Assam Human Development Report (Govt. of Assam, 2003) threw some light on inequality in the achievement between men and women of Assam in different spheres of life. The report viewed that poverty, violence and lack of political participation were the main issues of concern for South Asian Women, and Assam was no exception. The study of Kishor and Gupta (2004) revealed that average women in India were disempowered relative to men, and there had been little change in her empowerment over time. Parashar (2004) examined how mother’s empowerment in India is linked with child nutrition and immunization and suggested women to be empowered simultaneously along several different dimensions if they and their children were to benefit across the whole spectrum of their health and survival needs. Sridevi (2005) in her paper 5 provided a scientific method to measure empowerment. Study of Cote de Ivoire revealed that increased female share in household income leads to increased spending on human development enhancing items (as quoted by Ranis and Stewart, 2005). Blumberg (2005) viewed that economic empowerment of women was the key to gender equality and well being of a nation. This would not only enhance women’s capacity of decision making but also lead to reduction in corruption, armed conflict and violence against females in the long run. Karat (2005) in her works discussed the issues of violence against women, their survival, political participation and emancipation. Panda and Agarwal (2005) focused on the factor like women’s property status in the context of her risk of marital violence and opined that if development means expansion of human capabilities, then freedom from domestic violence should be an integral part of any exercise for evaluating developmental progress. Desai and Thakkar (2007) in their work discussed women’s political participation, legal rights and education as tools for their empowerment. Deepa Narayan (2007) made an attempt to measure women empowerment for different countries and regions by using self assessed points on a ten steps ladder of power and rights, where at the bottom of the ladder stood people who were completely powerless and without rights and on the top stood those who had a lot of power and rights. Figueras (2008) in her work studied the effect of female political representation in State legislature on public goods, policy and expenditure in the context of India and opined that politician’s gender and social position matters for policy. Barkat (www. goodgovernance. rg) while discussing the present status of women in Bangladesh opined that although women as mothers are held in high respect at the individual level, there was an unclear understanding of empowerment of women as a process of awareness and capacity building leading to greater participation in decision making and control over her own life. Thus, from the above review of literature it is evident that quite a number of studies have already been undertaken on women empowerment and related issues. Entire gamut of literature has centered mainly around conceptual and measurement issues and the constraints to women empowerment. The present study in this respect is 6 an attempt to highlight the status and trend of women empowerment in India by taking into consideration various dimensions of it. The Case of India As far as India is concerned, the principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Constitution and finds a place in the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women but also empowers the States to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Historically the status of Indian women has been influenced by their past. There is evidence to show that women in the Vedic age got most honored positions in the society (Seth, 2004). They had the right to education. They were free to remain unmarried and devote their whole life to the pursuit of knowledge and self realization. The married women performed all the works and sacrifices equally with their husbands. They were educated in various disciplines of knowledge such as astrology, geography, veterinary sciences and even in martial arts. There were instances of women taking part in wars and fights. They were highly respected within and outside home. Gradually due to several socio-political changes, especially during the middle age, the glorious status of women declined. The urge for equality on the part of Indian women started getting momentum during the colonial times. Noted social reformers and national leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Annie Besant, Sorojini Naidu and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar made selfless efforts to create awareness among women about their status and were quite successful in removing various social evils such as sati pratha, child marriage, and polygamy. They also encouraged widow remarriage and women education. The reformers were successful in creating a base for development of women and theirs strive for equality. In course of time Indian society got transformed from traditional to a modern one. Consequently women became more liberal and aware of various ways of life. Since they are quite capable of breaking the traditional barriers imposed by the society are now challenging the patriarchal system though in a limited scale. Since independence, the Government of India has been making various efforts to empower women. In various plan periods, the issues regarding women empowerment has been given priority. From fifth five year plan onwards there has 7 been a remarkable shift from welfare oriented approach of women empowerment to development approach. The National Commission for women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights’ of women. The 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India provided opportunity to women to take part in active politics. The year 2001 was declared as the year of women’s empowerment for enhancing their status. To achieve the goal, the government introduced different programmes, identified strategies, established different institutions and made various legal provisions. In spite of all these efforts and actions, women in India still lag behind the men. According to 2001 Census, female literacy rate in the country was 54. 2 per cent as against 75. 9 per cent in case of males (G. O. I. , 2001). The situation was much worse in the rural and remote areas of the country. In spite of women going for higher education they face exclusion from their male counterparts and are alienated in various positions in governance. The incidence like early marriage, female feticides and infanticide, dowry, bride burning, rape, molestation, kidnapping etc are very frequent. In recent times, the record of crime against women indicates an increasing trend. The position of women in the country in the social, economic and political fields is by no means equal to that of their male counterparts. Besides low female literacy, there are many other factors that have contributed to gender biasness. Girl child is still given less priority in certain parts of India. Past studies indicate that it is the people’s perception in general that the birth of a girl child is less desirable and evokes less happiness than that of a boy child (Seth, 2005). It is ingrained in the Indian psyche, cutting across religion, caste and region. Since her birth she is victimized in all spheres including education, employment, nutrition and social status. The World Economic Forum (2005), in its first gender gap study placed India at 53rd position among 58 nations, which shows a significant gap in male and female achievements. In the same study, the rank of India in terms of political empowerment was 24th at both primary and grassroots level. The National Population Policy 2000 specifically identified the low status of women in India as an important barrier to the achievement of goals towards maternal and child welfare (G. O. I. 2000). 8 Indicators F Life Expectancy Adult Literacy Gross Enrolment Seats Share in Parliament Share of Professional Technical Persons Gender related Development Index Gender Empowerment Measure 1990 M NA 57 NA NA NA F 1995 M F 2000 M F 2005 M 2007-08 F M NA 29 NA NA NA 60. 4 60. 3 63. 3 62. 5 65. 0 61. 8 65. 3 62. 3 35. 2 63. 7 43. 5 67. 1 47. 8 73. 4 47. 8 73. 4 45. 8 63. 8 46. 0 61. 0 56. 0 64. 0 6 0. 0 68. 0 7. 3 92. 7 8. 9 91. 1 9. 3 NA 90. 7 NA 9. 8 NA 90. 2 NA 20. 5 79. 5 20. 5 79. 5 NA NA 0. 401 (R-99) 0. 226 (R- 101) Source: UNDP 0. 545 (R-108) NA 0. 586 (R-98) NA 0. 600 (R-113) NA UNDP in its various Human Development Reports since 1990 till 2007-08 have placed India at a very low level of development regarding the position of women in terms of various indicators such as adult literacy, gross enrolment, share of seats in parliament and the professional and technical positions held by them (as shown in the box above). Though data are not provided for GEM indicator after 1995, GDI values reveals that women are consistently lagging behind. India has been placed in the 113th rank with a GDI value of 0. 600 as against a rank of 89 with GDI value of 0. 753 in case of Sri Lanka (UNDP, 2007-08). The rank of India has also gone down from 99 in 1995 to 113 in 2007-08 and has been fluctuating from year to year National Human Development Report (G. O. I, 2002) brought out information on indices on GDI and GEM. GDI showed marginal improvement during the eighties. GEI increased from 62 per cent in the early eighties to 67. 6 per cent in the early nineties. This implies that on an average the attainments of women on human development indicators were only two-thirds of those of men. At the State level, gender equality was the highest for Kerala followed by Manipur, Meghalaya, 9 Himachal Pradesh and Nagaland in the eighties. Goa and the Union Territories, except for Delhi, had gender equality higher than the national level. In the nineties, Himachal Pradesh had the highest equality, whereas Bihar was at the bottom and witnessed a decline in absolute terms over the earlier period. In general, women were better off in the Southern India than in the Indo-Gangetic plains comprising mainly the States of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. States like Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in the south and Haryana and Jammu Kashmir in the north made considerable progress in improving the status of women vis-a-vis men on the human development indicators. States that did well in improving their female literacy levels are also the ones that substantially improved their gender equality. On the whole, gender disparities across the States declined over the period. NFHS-III (G. O. I. , 2005-06) collected information on large number of indicators of women empowerment such as relative earnings of wives over their husbands’, control over the use of these earnings, participation in household decision making, freedom of movement, gender role attitude, freedom from domestic violence, etc. Data on some of these indicators of women empowerment are examined and findings are presented in the following paragraphs. Decision Making Power Decision making power of women in households is one of the important indicators of women empowerment. It is found that only 37 per cent of currently married women participate in making decisions either alone or jointly with their husband on their health care, large household purchases, purchases for daily household needs and on visiting their family members and relatives (Table 1). Forty three per cent participate in some but not all decisions and 21 per cent do not participate in any of the decision. As high as in 32. 4 per cent cases the decision regarding the purchase of daily household needs is taken mainly by the respondents whereas the decisions like visit to her relatives are in most cases taken alone by husbands or jointly. Decision like major household purchases is taken jointly in most of the cases. A very less number of women alone take this type of decision. About 27 per cent of total respondents take their own health care decision alone. 10 Women’s participation rate on household decision making not only varies from rural to urban areas but also gets affected by their background characteristics like age, educational status, husband’s education, employment status etc (Table 2). Urban married women are observed to be more empowered than that of the rural women. Empowerment of women increases with the increase in their age. Women who are more educated and employed are relatively more empowered. About 46 per cent of total women in the age group 40-49 years participate in all the four decisions compared to 15 per cent belonging to the age group 15-19 years. With higher spousal educational status women’s participation in decision making increases. About 21 per cent of women with no spousal education do not take part in any decision making at all as compared to 17 per cent of women with spousal education of 12 years or more. Employment also provides an advantage to women regarding their ability to decision making power. Employed women are more likely to participate in all decision makings. In urban setting and in nuclear type of family, women have more autonomy in household decision making. Freedom of Movement Free mobility of women is another indicator of women empowerment. The data reveals that about half of women are allowed to go to the market or to the health facility alone (Table 3). Only 38 per cent are allowed to travel alone to places outside the village or community. While not all women are allowed to go to these places alone, only a minority are not allowed to go at all. Compared to urban women, rural women have less mobility. Women’s mobility is also affected by their background characteristics like age, education, marital status, type of family etc. Table 4 reveals that freedom of movement increases with age though it does not vary linearly with education. Seventy per cent of the women of the highest education group are allowed to go alone to the market as against 49 per cent of women with no education. Employment is associated with greater freedom of movement. Only one in five never married women go to all of the three places compared with about one in three currently married women and two in three formerly married women. Nuclear residence and urban setting are also associated with greater freedom of movement. 11 Women of urban areas are freer than that of the rural women. Similarly as high as 37 per cent of women of nucleus families are freer regarding their movement as compared to 29. per cent in case of the non-nucleus families. Acceptance of Unequal Gender Role Women’s protest against unequal gender role in terms of their attitude towards preferences for son, wife beating etc. is another indicator of women empowerment. The data presented in Table 5 reveal that 54 per cent of women in India believe wife beating to be justifi ed for any of the specific reasons. Similarly 35 per cent women believe it to be justified if they neglect their house or children. However, agreement with wife beating does not vary much by women’s age and household structure, but decline sharply with education. It is to be noted that even among the most educated women, at least one in three agrees with one or more justifications for wife beating. In rural areas women are generally more agreeable to wife beating than in urban areas. Agreement is lower among never married women as compared to ever married women. Access to Education Women’s access to education which is one of the important sources of empowerment can be measured by gender gap in literacy rates and enrolment in different stages of school education. The literacy gap between men and women was as high as 21. 7 per cent in 2001 (Table 6). Though the gap was fluctuating from 18. 3 per cent in 1951 to 23. 9 per cent in 1971, it has been showing a marginal declining trend since 1981. Table 7 shows enrolment by stages from 1951 to 2001-02. It is clear that participation of girls at all stages of education has been steadily increasing over time. However, the overall performance of participation has not been satisfactory as it had been below 50 per cent at all stages of education Access to Employment Table 8 shows the employment and cash earnings of currently married men and women. Data reveal that only 43 per cent of women in the age group of 15-49 2 years are employed as against 99 per cent of men in the same age group. It also reveals that gender inequality exist in the arena of employment. As compared to 51% women employed for cash only, the corresponding figure for that of the males is as high as 72. 5%. Similarly a very few males are employed for kind only (3. 4%) as compared to females engaged for kind (11. 6%). Twen ty four per cent women are not paid at all for their work whereas this proportion is as low as 5% for men. For women earning cash is not likely to be a sufficient condition for financial empowerment. Employment and cash earnings are more likely to empower women if women make decisions about their own earnings alone or jointly with their husband rather than their husband alone and if these earnings are perceived by both wives and husbands to be significant relative to those of the husbands. Table 9 in this connection shows the extent of women’s control over earnings on the basis of background characteristics like age, education, place of residence, household structure etc. It is seen that women’s control over cash earnings increases with age. In the age group 15 19 years only 17. per cent women alone take decision about the use of their cash earnings as compared to 28. 3 per cent in the age group 40-49 years. Similarly husband mainly takes such decision in case of 20 per cent women in the age group 15-19 years in comparison to 12. 7 per cent in the age group 40-49 years. Influence of other person in making such decision decreases with the increase in age of responden ts. It varies from 18. 6 per cent in the age group 15-19 years to as low as 0. 4 per cent in 40-49 age groups. Place of residence also affects women’s control over their cash earnings. Generally women in urban areas have more control over their earnings than that in rural areas. About thirty three per cent take decision alone about the use of their own earnings in urban areas as compared to 21 per cent in rural areas Education is one of the important factors that affects greatly in women’s control over earnings. About 23 per cent women with no education have more control over their earnings whereas it is 28. 6 per cent in case of women completed 12 or more years of education. Other persons’ influence on the decision about the use of earnings reduces significantly with education. It is as high as 8. 3 percent in the case of 3 respondent with no education as compared to 4. 9 per cent respondent with secondary level education. Household structure has an important role to play in affecting women’s financial empowerment. In non nuclear family structure, influence of others is more in making such decision. In case of 6. 4 per cent women in non nuclea r family, the decision about the use of their own cash earnings are taken by others as compared to 0. 6 per cent women in nuclear family. Exposure to Media Table 10 which presents data on women’s exposure to media reveals that percentage of women not exposed to media is more than double that of men. About 71 per cent of women are exposed to media as compared to 88 per cent in case of men. Twenty nine per cent of women do not have access to media regularly. Since it is an important source of empowerment, greater proportion of women without having access to media reflects the relatively disadvantageous position of women in relation to men with regards to empowerment. Domestic Violence Table 11 shows percentage of women who have experienced different forms and combinations of physical and sexual violence according to selected background characteristics. It is observed that extent of violence is not lessened by age. In the age group of 15-19 years, 22. 5 per cent women experienced physical or sexual violence in India as compared to 39 per cent in the age group 40-49 years. Both types of violence are higher for ever married women than for never married women. Almost 40 per cent ever married women experienced physical or sexual violence as against 16. 9 per cent never married women. Extent of domestic violence is higher in rural areas as compared to urban areas. About thirty eight per cent women in rural area faced either physical or sexual violence as compared to about 29 percent women in urban areas. Political Participation Women’s political participation is one of the important issues in the context of empowerment. In conventional analysis it means activities related to electoral politics 14 like voting, campaigning, holding party office and contesting election. But in broader sense it encompasses all voluntary actions intended to influence the making of public policies, the administration of public affairs and the choice of political leaders at all levels of government. Political interventions by women of India today range from movement for peace and good governance to protest against dowry, rape, domestic violence, food adulteration, price rise etc. [Desai et at, 2007]. However in this section we discuss participation of women in formal politics by analyzing the indicators like women voters and women elected members in the first twelve general elections in India. The following Table 2. 12 shows the voting percentage of men and women in the first twelve elections of independent India. In the very first election the percentage of women voter was significantly low (37%). Many women were left out as their names were not properly registered. The gender gap in voting though has been narrowing gradually significant gap between male and female voters still exists. Elected Women Members Many factors are responsible and decisive in the election of women candidates such as literacy, financial position, liberal family background, support of other members of the family, strong personality etc. Since most of the women lack access to these, few women get tickets and even fewer get elected from this handful of women candidates. Table 2. 13 shows the elected women Members in Lok Sabha. From the table it is clear that percentage of women members to the total members has been consistently less than 10 per cent in each Lok Sabha starting from 1st to 12th one. This shows poor participation of women in political field. Thus it can be concluded with information provided by NFHS – III and others that women of India are disempowered relative to men in respect of decision making power, freedom of movement, education, employment, exposure to media, political participation etc and face domestic violence to a considerable degree and occupy the subordinate status both at home and in the society even in the 21 st century. 5 Constraints to Women Empowerment There are several constraints that check the process of women empowerment in India. Social norms and family structures in developing countries like India, manifests and perpetuate the subordinate status of women. One of such norms is the continuing preference for a son over the birth of a girl child, which is present in almost all societies and communities. The hold of this preference has strengthened rather than weakened and its most glaring evidence is in the falling sex ratio (Seth, 2004). The society is more biased in favor of male child in respect of education, nutrition and other opportunities. The root cause of this type of attitude lies in the belief that male child inherits the clan in India with an exception in Meghalaya. Women often internalize the traditional concept of their role as natural, thus inflicting an injustice upon them. Poverty is the reality of life for the vast majority of women in India. It is another factor that poses challenge in realizing women’s empowerment. In a poor family, girls are the main victims; they are malnourished and are denied the opportunity of better education and other facilities. But if they are financially independent or they have greater control over the resources then they exhibit greater autonomy both in the household and in public sphere and are no longer victims of poverty. Lack of awareness about legal and constitutional provisions and failure in realizing it, is another factor that hinders the process of empowerment. Most of the women are not aware of their legal rights. Even women who are aware lack the courage to take the legal step. The legislation which affects women most is their situation in marriage and inheritance. As far as the rights of inheritance are concerned, women generally do not try to inherit land left by their parents if brothers are alive (Seth, 2005). The traditional belief that land should not go outside the patriarchal family operates. The provision of Act like (1) Child Marriage Resistance Act, 1930, (2) The Suppression of Immoral Trafficking of Women Act, 1987 and (3) The Indecent Exposure of Women Act, have not led to the suppression of practice indicated in them. Of these three, the first one is by and large successful in restraining child marriage. The legislation almost failed in case of immoral trafficking and indecent exposure to 16 women. There are numerous incidence of indecent exposure of women in all forms of media with hardly any prosecution. Although the legal rights are in place to create an enabling atmosphere these have not been very successful in realizing women’s empowerment. Summery and Findings Various indicators of women empowerment are analyzed using the data from various sources while discussing women’s present status in India. The main emphasis is given to the indicators like women’s household decision making power, financial autonomy, freedom of movement, women’s acceptance of unequal gender roles, exposure to media, access to education, women’s experience of domestic violence etc. Women’s political participation is also analyzed by using indicators like percentage of women voters and women MPs. After analyzing the data it is found that household decision making power and freedom of movement of women vary considerably with age, education and employment. Freedom of movement of widow or divorcee is more than ever married or never married women. Similarly it is found that in the society the acceptance of unequal gender norms by women themselves are still prevailing. More than half of the women believe that wife beating is justified for any of the specific reasons like not cooking properly, not taking proper care of household and children, refuge to have sex with husband, showing disrespect to in-laws etc. However, this attitude is not varying much with age or household structure but decline sharply with education and places of residence. While studying women’s access to education and employment it is found that gender gap exist in both the situations. A large gender gap in literacy exists and participation of girls at all stages of education is below 50%. Similarly less than 50% of women are employed and a significant portion of them are not paid for their work. However, having access to employment does not mean that women have full control over their earnings. Fewer women have final say on how to spend their earnings. Control over cash earnings increases with age and with place of residence in urban areas and education, but not vary significantly with household structure. Women’s exposure to media is also less relative to men. Women’s experience of domestic violence shows that violence is not lessened by age. Rural women are more prone to domestic violence than urban women. Regarding women’s 17 political participation it is found that large gender gap exists in voting and less than ten per cent of total member in Lok Sabha are Women. This is because most of the women lack desired level of financial autonomy, literacy, strong personality, own decision making capacity, family support etc. Thus we see that these mutually interdependent factors reinforce each other and put women in a disadvantageous position relative to men. Various constraints in achieving the desired level of empowerment are also identified. Important among them are poverty, social norms and family structure, lack of awareness about legal and constitutional provision etc. Generally speaking the women of India are relatively disempowered and they enjoy somewhat lower status than that of men. In spite of so many efforts undertaken by government and NGOs the picture at present is not satisfactory. Mere access to education and employment can only help in the process of empowerment. These are the tools or the enabling factors through which the process gets speeded up. However, achievement towards this goal depends more on attitude. Unless the attitude towards the acceptance of unequal gender role by the society and even the women themselves changed women can not grab the opportunity provided to them through constitutional provision, law etc. Till then we can not say that women are empowered in India in its real sense. 18 References ? Anand, S. and A. Sen (1995): â€Å"Gender inequality in Human Development: Theories and Measurement†, in Fukuda Parr and A. K. Shiv Kumar (eds. ) Readings in Human Development, OUP, New Delhi. Bardhan, K. and K. Stephan (1999): â€Å"UNDP’s Gender Related Indices: A Critical Review†, World Development, Vol. 27, No. 6. Barkat, A. (2008): â€Å"Women empowerment: A key to Human Development. , http://www. goodgovernance. org visited on 20th April 2008 at 4. 30p. m. Blumberg, R. L. (2005): â€Å"Women’s Economic Empowerment as the Magic Potion of Development? † Paper presented at the 100th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Philadelphia Census of India (2001): Govt. of India, New Delhi. Chattopadhyay, R. nd E. Duflo (2001): â€Å"Women’s Leadership and Policy Decisions: Evidence from a Nationwide Randomized Experiment in India†, Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta and Department of Economics ,MIT, and NBER Desai, N. and U. Thakkar (2007): â€Å"Women and Political Participation in India†; Women in Indian Society, New Delhi, National Boo k Trust. Figueras, I. C. (2008): â€Å"Women in Politics: Evidence from the Indian States†, Department of Economics, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. G. O. I. (2000): National Population Policy, Ministry of Health Family Welfare, New Delhi. G. O. I. 2001): Census Report, Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, New Delhi. G. O. I. (2002): National Human Development Report, 2001, Planning Commission. G. O. I. (2005-06): National Family Health Survey – III, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. Govt. of Assam (2003): â€Å"Women: Striving in an Unequal World† in Assam Human Development Report, 2003. http://planassam. org/report/hdr2003/ HDR. html. Visited on 20th February, 2008, at 5pm. IFUW (2001): â€Å"Empowering Women†, http://www. ifuw. org/saap2001/ empowerment. htm. Visited on 10th February 2008 at 10 a. m. Karat, B. 2005): Survival and Emancipation: Notes from Indian Women’s Struggles, Three Essays Collective, Ha ryana Kishor, S. and K. Gupta (2004): â€Å"Women’s Empowerment in India and Its States: Evidence from the NFHS†, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXIX, No. 7. Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre (2000): Human Development in South Asia 2000: The Gender Question, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Mahanta, A. (ed. ) (2002): Human Rights and Women of North East India, Centre for Women’s Studies, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 19 ? Malhotra, A. , S. R. Schuler and C. Boender (2002): â€Å"Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development† Unpublished Paper for the World Bank. www. unicef. org/pubsgen/humanrights-children/index. html. Visited on 11th January, 2008, at 5 p. m. Mathew, G. (2003): Keynote address in the workshop on â€Å"A Decade of Women’s Empowerment through Local Governance† organized jointly by Institute of Social Sciences and South Asia Partnership, Canada sponsored by International Development Research Centre. Moser, Caroline O. (1993): Gender Planning and Development: Theory Practice and Training, available from Women, Ink. ? ? Narayan, D. (2007): Empowerment: A Missing Dimension of Human Development, Oxford Poverty Human Development Initiative (OPHI) Conference, Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford. Panda, P. and B. Agarwal (2005): â€Å"Marital Violence, Human Development and Women’s Property Status in India†, World Development, Vol. 33, No. 5. Parasar, S. (2004): â €Å"A Multidimensional Approach to Women’s Empowerment and its Links to the Nutritional Status and Immunization of Children in India†. http://www. allacademic. com/meta/p109193index. html. Visited on 15th February, 2008 at 1 p. m. Pillarisetti and Gillivray (1998): â€Å"Human Development and Gender Empowerment: Methodological and Measurement Issue† Development Policy Review, Vol. 16. Ranis, G. and F. Stewart (2005): â€Å"Dynamic Links between the Economy and Human Development†, DESA Working Paper No. 8. http://www. un. org/esa/desa/papers. Visited on 25th December, 2007 at 5 p. m. Sen and Batliwala (2000): â€Å"Empowering Women for Reproductive Rights†, in H. B. Presser and G. Sen (eds. ) Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Processes: Moving beyond Cairo, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 15-36. Seth, Meera (2004): â€Å"Women and Development- The Indian Experience†, Sage Publication, New Delhi. Shields, Lourene E. (1995): â€Å"Women’s Experiences of the Meaning of Empowerment† Qualitative Health Research, Vol. 5, No. 1. Sridevi, T. O. (2005): â€Å"Empowerment of Women-A Systematic Analysis† IDF Discussion Paper. U. N. D. P. (1990, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2005 and 2007-08): Human Development Report. World Economic Forum (2005): Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap. http:/in. rediff. com/money/2005/may/17wef. htm. Visited on 20th January, 2008 at 9. 30 a. m. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 20 Table – 1 Married Women’s Participation in Decision making, 2005-06 (Figures in per cent) Decision on/Decision by Mainly Wife Mainly Husband Urban Own Health Care Major household purchases Purchases of daily household needs Visits to her family Relatives Own Health Care Major household purchases Purchases of daily household needs Visits to her family Relatives Own Health Care Major household purchases Purchases of daily household needs Visits to her family Relatives 29. 7 10. 4 39. 9 12. 2 26. 0 7. 6 29. 1 10. 0 27. 1 8. 5 32. 4 10. 7 39. 1 51. 5 28. 9 57. 3 Rural 33. 4 41. 2 27. 1 46. Total 35. 1 44. 4 27. 7 49. 8 30. 1 32. 2 24. 7 26. 8 6. 3 12. 0 12. 3 10. 4 1. 3 2. 8 2. 8 2. 2 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 31. 7 34. 6 26. 9 28. 9 7. 6 13. 5 13. 9 12. 1 1. 3 2. 9 2. 9 2. 9 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 26. 5 26. 8 19. 8 22. 0 3. 5 8. 7 8. 8 6. 6 1. 1 2. 5 2. 5 1. 8 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 Husband and Wife jointly Some one Else Other Missing Source: NFHS-3 21 Table – 2 Factors Affecti ng Women’s Participation in Decision making, 2005-06 (Figures in per cent) Background characteristics Own health care Making major househol d Purchase s 25. 1 39. 2 50. 7 60. 7 63. 6 61. 9 48. 9 51. 5 51. 4 50. 6 52. 56. 3 62. 6 53. 0 52. 3 52. 2 50. 1 51. 3 57. 3 55. 3 61. 0 45. 1 51. 1 62. 2 43. 0 Making purchase s for daily househol d needs 29. 1 44. 6 58. 7 6. 8 71. 2 68. 8 56. 2 59. 5 60. 1 58. 4 58. 3 61. 6 66. 3 61. 5 60. 5 60. 3 56. 8 58. 0 60. 2 63. 7 69. 5 53. 2 57. 4 70. 4 49. 2 Visits to her family or relative per cent who participat e in all four decisions 15. 1 25. 2 34. 3 42. 8 46. 3 45. 0 33. 0 34. 9 35. 2 35. 7 36. 2 40. 5 46. 1 36. 6 35. 7 36. 5 33. 7 36. 1 40. 6 38. 8 44. 3 29. 0 35. 1 44. 3 28. 7 per cent who particip ate in none 46. 1 31. 1 20. 4 14. 1 12. 8 13. 9 23. 4 22. 7 20. 21. 7 19. 7 16. 8 12. 1 21. 3 20. 3 20. 8 21. 8 21. 3 17. 3 19. 0 15. 0 26. 1 21. 6 13. 6 27. 7 Numbe r of women Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Urban 40. 4 52. 5 62. 2 67. 7 6 9. 3 68. 8 59. 3 59. 4 61. 2 61. 0 63. 6 67. 2 73. 1 61. 6 61. 1 62. 0 59. 5 62. 5 66. 2 63. 0 67. 7 54. 6 61. 7 67. 7 56. 4 33. 5 47. 5 58. 9 67. 1 71. 6 69. 5 56. 5 57. 5 60. 4 59. 8 60. 7 65. 9 71. 6 59. 1 60. 9 59. 7 58. 3 60. 2 65. 2 69. 2 68. 0 53. 7 58. 7 68. 7 68. 7 6726 16782 18540 30952 20089 28604 64485 43931 7776 14018 10735 7704 8921 24918 8366 14793 14615 13144 17100 39835 25601 14234 53225 47851 45238 Residence Rural No education Less than 5 yrs 5-7 yrs 8-9 yrs 10-11yrs 12 or more yrs Education Husband ’s education No education Less than 5 yrs 5-7 yrs 8-9 yrs 10-11yrs 12 or more yrs Employed Employed for cash Employed not for cash Not employed Employment Household structure Nuclear Non nuclear Source: NFHS – 3 22 Table – 3 Freedom of Movement of Married Women in India, 2005-06 (Figures in per cent) Places Alone Urban 66. 2 60. 3 45. 5 Rural 44. 3 41. 5 34. 0 Total 51. 4 47. 7 37. 7 With somebody else 26. 8 36. 2 48. 0 40. 4 53. 0 56. 6 35. 9 47. 5 53. Not at all Total To the market To health facilities To outside the village/community To the market To health facilities To outside the village/community To the market To health facilities To outside the village/community 7. 0 3. 5 6. 6 15. 3 5. 5 9. 4 12. 6 4. 8 8. 5 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Source- NFHS- 3 Table – 4 Factors Affecting Freedom of Movement of Ma rried Women, 2005-06 Percentage allowed to go alone to Market Background Characteristics 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 Urban Rural No education How to cite Women Empowerment in India, Papers